交通部驾驶手册 The Official MTO Driver's Handbook

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This booklet is a guide only. For official purposes, please refer to the Highway Traffic Act, the Motorized Snow Vehicles Act and the Off-Road Vehicles Act of Ontario.
For more information about driver licensing, visit www.mto.gov.on.ca.
To request a copy of this book in an alternate format, contact Publications Ontario at 1-800-668-9938 or (416) 326-5300 or on the Internet at www.publications.serviceontario.ca.
& D8 ?9 p2 p$ b$ mDisponible en français. Demandez le « Guide officiel de l'automobiliste »Driving is a privilege - not a right

Introduction

7 C; d- w" L7 P3 \4 hOntario remains a road safety leader in Canada and North America, according to the most recent fatality rate statistics (2006). The Ministry of Transportation has introduced a range of measures to maintain this record and to improve the behaviour of all drivers.
In 2006, Ontario's fatality rate per 10,000 licensed drivers declined to 0.87, its lowest level on record. In the 10-year period 1997-2006, the number of traffic fatalities decreased by 130. Fewer people were injured in 2006 (68,793) than in 2005 (71,850).
6 p% t1 H* Q+ N" l- CMany collisions are caused by driver error or behaviours such as following too closely, speeding, failure to yield the right of way, improper turns, running red lights and frequently changing lanes. There are also drivers who intentionally put others at risk through such reckless behaviour. Statistics show that new drivers of all ages are far more likely than experienced drivers to be involved in serious or fatal collisions.
Provincial campaigns promoting the correct use of seatbelts and child car seats, and informing people about drinking and driving and aggressive driving, are making a difference. Ontario's Graduated Licensing System (GLS), which lets new drivers gain skills and experience in low-risk environments, is also helping to develop better, safer drivers. Despite the success of GLS, however, statistics show that new drivers of all ages are far more likely than experienced drivers to be involved in serious or fatal collisions.
6 Z* Z3 B' _# z- J- o$ i5 K) SThis handbook gives new drivers the basic information they need about learning to drive in Ontario: the rules of the road, safe driving practices and how to get a licence to drive a car, van or small truck. The ministry recommends that all drivers would benefit from taking an advanced course in driver training.
% j6 F. e9 \. ]( j7 i5 [As you read, remember that this handbook is only a guide. For official descriptions of the laws, look in the Highway Traffic Act of Ontario and its Regulations, available at www.e-laws.gov.on.ca. Information on how to get licences to drive other types of vehicles is available in Part Two of this handbook, the Official Motorcycle Handbook, the Official Truck Handbook, the Official Bus Handbook and the Official Air Brake Handbook.
Getting Your Driver's Licence
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This chapter tells you what licence you need to drive in Ontario and how to get it, whether you are a new driver, a visitor or a new resident in Ontario.
) r% u: x" a; f4 UIf you are applying for your first licence, this chapter explains the graduated licensing system, how to apply for a licence, the tests you will have to pass and the driving privileges you will have at each licence level.
Requirements for driving in Ontario


If you live in Ontario, you must be at least 16 years old and have a valid Ontario driver's licence to drive in this province.
! Y- j  H, d- U- K7 o4 q" cIf you are a visitor to Ontario and want to drive while you are here, you must be at least 16 years old and have a valid driver's licence from your own province, state or country. If you are from another country and visiting Ontario for more than three months, you need an International Driver's Permit from your own country. If you are taking up residence, you must get an Ontario driver's licence.
If you are a new resident in Ontario and have a valid driver's licence from another province, state or country, you can use it for 60 days after you move to Ontario. If you become a resident of Ontario, you must get an Ontario driver's licence. Ontario has licence exchange agreements with every Canadian province and territory. Also with Australia, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, the Isle of Man, Japan, Korea, Switzerland and the United States.
4 H% ?2 \( N$ k8 y1 t: yDriver's Licence Classification Chart

Class A
, u, ]8 h) s' {: z2 S9 lAllowed to drive any tractor-trailer combination
May also drive vehicle in class D and G

' d: z0 h6 W* L  f  U4 A- mDiagram 1-1a-1



Class B
Allowed to drive any school purposes bus
May also drive vehicle in class C, D, E, F and G

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: Q3 v/ I$ b5 N! Z* `6 vDiagram 1-1a-2
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Class C
Allowed to drive any regular bus
* K8 P% V  Y& f7 w! k9 HMay also drive vehicles in class D, F and G.
# g! R9 ?* D- _( g
! F) P7 y& a$ `
& J0 k$ h7 G* l& U& M* Q: W6 ADiagram 1-1a-3

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Class D
7 i  S0 z& ?1 ], x" I, YAllowed to drive any truck or combination provided the towed vehicle is not over 4,600 kg
8 H# W7 ~% R: x0 W) ZMay also drive vehicle in class G
; n2 B; _/ ~  w$ F# {" x

Diagram 1-1a-4


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6 a  M2 B; N' F7 d1 O  |- w: b
Class E
Allowed to drive any school purposes bus - maximum of 24-passenger capacity
May also drive vehicle in class F and G
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: i) y5 V+ o& G& bDiagram 1-1a-5


# S% N7 b# W" O: t+ y+ E+ H5 n) F
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Class F
Allowed to drive any regular bus - maximum of 24-passenger capacity - and ambulances
May also drive vehicle in class G

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, P: `* E! N# m8 w+ U  lDiagram 1-1a-6

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Class G
Allowed to drive any car, van or small truck or combination of vehicle and towed vehicle up to 11,000 kg provided the towed vehicle is not over 4,600 kg
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Diagram 1-1b-1

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3 @0 J- m, K! b/ b6 E' f! sClass G1
Level One of graduated licensing. Holders may drive Class G vehicles with an accompanying fully licensed driver with at least four years' driving experience. Subject to certain conditions.

Class G2
Level Two of graduated licensing. Holders may drive Class G vehicles without accompanying driver but are subject to certain conditions.

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Class M
Allowed to drive any motorcycles, including limited-speed motorcycles (motor scooters) and motor-assisted bicycles (mopeds). Holders may also drive a Class G vehicle under the conditions that apply to a Class G1 licence holder.
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+ D4 j6 Z. R. Y; Q1 @Diagram 1-1b-2
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Class M1
8 h$ l) g' Q/ p8 H, X! lLevel One of graduated licensing for motorcycles, including limited-speed motorcycles (motor scooters) and motor-assisted bicycles (mopeds). Holders may drive a motorcycle under certain conditions.

Class M2
. o2 }3 }0 d. m% BLevel Two of graduated licensing for motorcycles, including limited-speed motorcycles (motor scooters) and motor-assisted bicycles (mopeds). Holders may drive a motorcycle but only with a zero blood alcohol level. Holders may also drive a Class G vehicle under the conditions that apply to a Class G1 licence holder.
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; ]9 }" D- v8 b- V3 uDiagram 1-1b-3




) ~* t' [; R/ TClass M with L condition
Holders may operate a limited-speed motorcycle or moped only.
' [# A6 s4 U  j* TMay operate a limited speed motorcycle or moped only

Class M2 with L condition
& e  m5 I' g5 L/ ]! r& i4 D& W: q/ NHolders may operate a limited-speed motorcycle or moped only.
6 n( \2 c, o* x, v$ uMay operate a limited speed motorcycle or moped only
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2 H) b* I5 J' @* cNote: A "Z" air brake endorsement is required on a driver's licence to operate any air brake equipped motor vehicle.
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) R$ I6 K9 ]* ]% QWhat kind of licence?


, c6 h( b# F8 Y( n8 k- p5 gIn Ontario, there are 14 different kinds of licences. Each one qualifies you to drive a different type of vehicle. The class of licence you have must match the type of vehicle you are driving. You need a Class G licence to drive a car, van or small truck. You must have a Class G licence before you can be licensed to drive any other type of vehicle. The only exception is motorcycles. You may get a motorcycle licence (Class M) without first getting a Class G licence. The Driver's Licence Classification Chart shows you what class of licence you need to drive different vehicles.
; K5 k0 i$ E4 \, D+ wFor information on the skills and knowledge you'll need to get a Class M motorcycle licence, study the Official Motorcycle Handbook. You can get information on other kinds of licences - classes A, B, C, D, E and F - in the Official Truck Handbook and the Official Bus Handbook. If you want to drive a vehicle equipped with air brakes, the Official Air Brake Handbook tells you how to qualify.
. ^" t3 }: `  j4 a' rSome recreational vehicles have special licence requirements. If you plan to drive an off-road vehicle or snowmobile, read the Off-Road Vehicles section in the Official Driver's handbook.
You do not need a licence to ride a bicycle in Ontario.
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3 `0 h& [* q* _. b; w; RGraduated licensing
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New drivers applying for their first car or motorcycle licence enter Ontario's graduated licensing system. Graduated licensing lets new drivers get driving experience and skills gradually. The two-step licensing process takes at least 20 months to complete.
To apply for a licence, you must be at least 16 years old, pass a vision test and pass a test of your knowledge of the rules of the road and traffic signs. After you pass these tests, you will enter Level One and get a Class G1 licence.
( |5 K: E! @3 ~You must pass two road tests to become fully licensed. Passing the first road test lets you move to Level Two (Class G2) and the second one gives you full Class G driving privileges.
  Z+ M7 l7 L. c$ j7 RApplying for a licence
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To apply for a licence, you must show proof of your legal name, date of birth (showing day, month and year of birth) and signature. Documents must be original and valid. Photocopies and expired documents are not acceptable. Any one of the following documents may be used to satisfy the requirement to provide proof of legal name, complete date of birth and signature:

• Passport (Canadian or foreign)

• Canadian Citizenship Card with photo

• Permanent immigration documents
  • Permanent Resident Card (PRC) or
  • Record of Landing (Form 1000) or
  • Confirmation of Permanent Residence (Form IMM 5292)

• Temporary immigration documents
  • Student Authorization (IMM 1442)
  • Employment Authorization(IMM 1442)
  • Visitor Record (IMM 1442)
  • Temporary Resident's Permit (IMM 1442)
  • Refugee Status Claim (IMM 1434)
  • Acknowledgement of Intent to Claim Refugee Status (IMM 7703 with photo)
  • Report Pursuant to the Immigration Act (IMM 1442 with photo)

3 h7 x) j: h* O# S* `Additional documents

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Additional documents are required if the document presented from the list above does not indicate the legal name, complete date of birth (day, month, year) or signature. The additional documents must provide proof of the missing or incomplete information.

The following documents are acceptable as proof of date of birth and legal name

• Canadian or U.S. Birth Certificate

) K, p# L; F& p) H4 @The following documents are acceptable as proof of signature:

• Driver's Licence (Canadian and U.S. only)
• Identity Card with signature(issued by Canadian province/territory or U.S. state authority)
• Canadian Certificate of Indian Status
• Ontario Student Card with signature
• Ontario Health Card with applicant's signature (Clients may choose to produce their Ontario Health Card for proof of signature. The Health Card and Health Number will not be recorded or photocopied.)

Proof of legal name

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If additional documents presented to prove date of birth or signature do not indicate the applicant's legal name (i.e. name has been changed or is different on the two documents presented), the applicant will be required to provide additional documents as proof of legal name. The following additional documents are acceptable as proof of legal name:

• Marriage Certificate (Canadian or Foreign, government issued)
• Change of Name Certificate
• Court Order for adoption, change of name or divorce (must bear legal name, date of birth and court seal)

" B8 \& u) R. r/ VTo confirm complete date of birth where no or only partial date of birth is available:

• Sworn affidavit stating reason why partial or no date is available, with supporting documents. Please contact the Ministry of Transportation's Driver and Vehicle Licensing Call Centre at (416) 235-2999 or toll free at 1-800-387-3445 (Canada-wide) for further information.

Note: Direct identification by a parent or guardian is not acceptable. The applicant is required to present an acceptable document with his or her own signature.
Declaration from a Guarantor
1 j% t6 ]* h: S! t' p# \$ c

If an applicant is unable to present one of the above documents as
proof of signature, the applicant may present an original, completed Declaration from a Guarantor form attesting to their signature. Applicants must first ensure that no other acceptable documents for signature are available from the list identified above. To obtain a Guarantor form:

• download the Declaration from a Guarantor form from the Ministry of Transportation's website at www.mto.gov.on.ca or the DriveTest website at www.drivetest.ca; or,

• request a copy of the form at any DriveTest Centre.

* }" u* K6 T" MBring the documents to a DriveTest Centre or Travel Point (a temporary DriveTest Centre where there is no regional centre). Phone ahead to find out where the nearest Travel Point is and when it is open. You will find the telephone number under "Drivers and Vehicles" in the Government of Ontario section of the blue pages in your phone book. You can also find it on the Internet at www.drivetest.ca.
You must pay a fee when you apply. This fee includes the cost of the knowledge test, your first road test and a five-year licensing fee. There are more charges for your second road test and for any retests you may need to take. In order to schedule a road test appointment, you must prepay the road test fee.
You must pay a fee when you apply. This fee includes the cost of the knowledge test, your first road test and a five-year licensing fee. There are more charges for your second road test and for any retests you may need to take. In order to schedule a road test appointment, you must prepay the road test fee.
! ]& D7 W3 e, l( e6 nWhen you apply for your licence, you will be asked questions about your health. People with certain physical or medical conditions are not allowed to drive for safety reasons. If your physical or medical condition means you cannot be licensed, you will be told when you apply.
" x  T2 B2 R: ]# s4 KOnce you have a licence, you should report any change in your medical condition that may affect your ability to drive safely. By law, doctors and optometrists must report the name and address of anyone over 16 who has a condition that may make it unsafe for him or her to drive.
For further details on applying for a licence visit the Ministry of Transportation's website at www.mto.gov.on.ca.
8 p: s+ G0 c: h+ t) ^3 ~Graduated licensing requirements
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Here are the rules you must follow at each level:

• Level One (Class G1)
• G1 Knowledge Test - Checklist
• G1 Exit Test - Checklist
• Level Two (Class G2)
• Road tests
• G2 Exit Test - Checklist

; N" z0 u8 s: A/ M: YLevel One (Class G1):
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9 i" n, U3 \; Y3 W! d& lLevel One lasts 12 months. The Ministry of Transportation encourages all new drivers to take an approved driver education course to help learn the proper driving skills and knowledge. You should begin your training as soon as you become a Level One driver so you can get as much driving experience as possible. If you pass an approved course, you can complete Level One in eight months. While at Level One, the following rules apply:

• You must not drive if you have been drinking alcohol. Your blood alcohol level must be zero.
• You must not drive alone; an accompanying driver must sit in the front passenger seat. This is the only person who can be in the front seat with you while you drive. The accompanying driver must have a valid Class G (or higher) licence, at least four years of driving experience, and must have a blood alcohol level of less than .05 per cent when accompanying you. Time spent at the Class G2 level, as long as the G2 licence was valid (not suspended), does count toward the accompanying driver's four years of experience. The accompanying driver's licence may have demerit points, but it cannot be suspended.
• Each person in the vehicle must have a working seatbelt.
• You must not drive on 400-series highways with a posted speed limit over 80km/h. Also you must not drive on certain high-speed roads including the Queen Elizabeth Way, Don Valley Parkway and the Gardiner Expressway in the Greater Toronto Area, the E.C. Row Expressway in Windsor and the Conestoga Parkway in Kitchener-Waterloo. However, if your accompanying driver is a driving instructor, you may drive on any road.
• You must not drive between midnight and 5:00 a.m.

You must pass a road test of your driving skills to move to Level Two. At this time, you will be given a Class G2 licence.
G1 Knowledge Test - Checklist

Before taking the G1 knowledge test, make sure you have studied the Official Driver's Handbook.

Bring the following items to the test:

• 2 pieces of identification
• Money for test fees - cash, debit or credit card
• Glasses or contact lenses (if you need to wear them to drive)

G1 Exit Test - Checklist

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Before taking the G1 exit test, make sure you have studied the Official Driver's Handbook.
" l& e* V1 T8 h1 J9 R( tBring the following items to the test:

• Vehicle in good working order
• Money for test fees (if applicable)
• Glasses or contact lenses (if you need to wear them to drive)
• Beginner Driver Education Student Record (if licensed between 8 and 12 months)

Arrive at least 30 minutes before Road Test appointment
" S' |/ p" x  MLevel Two (Class G2):
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, N7 B& E8 B0 b3 W* OLevel Two lasts at least 12 months. At this level, you have more privileges because of your driving experience. At Level Two:
# R+ Q: _- N6 ~Out-of-order road test


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• You must not drive if you have been drinking alcohol. Your blood alcohol level must be zero.
• Each person in the vehicle must have a working seatbelt.

6 t8 e# ]% J0 i* H( iIn addition, the following restrictions apply between the hours of midnight and 5 a.m. to G2 drivers aged 19 years and under.

• In the first six months after receiving your G2 licence, you are allowed to carry only one passenger aged 19 or under.
• After six months with your G2 licence and until you obtain your full G licence or turn 20, you are allowed to carry up to three passengers aged 19 or under.

  c; _; G* j: z& j& A+ mExemptions: The passenger restrictions for G2 drivers aged 19 and under do not apply if you are accompanied by a fully-licensed driver in the front passenger seat, or if the passengers are members of your immediate family (a guardian, or those related to you by blood, marriage, common-law relationship, or adoption).
  z  B3 S( j# \" ]. uAfter 12 months at Level Two, you may take a road test to qualify for full licence privileges. You must pass this test to get a Class G licence.
Note: It is now law that all young drivers 21 years and under, regardless of licence class, must have a blood alcohol level of zero.
7 E) `# @/ n9 \' R$ ANote: A restricted Class M licence for limited-speed motorcycle and moped drivers allows licence holders to drive only a limited-speed motorcycle and moped. You are not permitted to drive a limited-speed motorcycle or moped on any driver's licence other than a class M licence (including M1, M2(L), M2, M(L) or M). For more information on how to obtain a restricted Class M licence to drive a moped, and graduated licensing requirements, please read the Official Motorcycle Handbook.
' [& @+ r# @/ ORoad tests
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2 R$ M9 K/ p$ z9 Q0 G' XRoad tests check your driving skills in the vehicle and in traffic. You will be tested on your ability to follow the rules of the road and safe driving practices.
The Level One road test deals with basic driving skills. The Level Two road test deals with more advanced knowledge and driving skills. Your performance in each of the tests will tell you whether you need more training or practice.
When you feel qualified to drive safely and confident enough to take your road test, contact the Road Test Booking Call Centre at (416) 325-8580 or 1-888-570-6110, or go online to www.mto.gov.on.ca, to schedule an appointment. If you are unable to keep the appointment, call the Road Test Booking Call Centre or go online to cancel your test. If you fail to attend or you cancel your appointment without providing at least 48 hours notice, your prepaid road test fee will not be refunded.
You must bring the appropriate vehicle to each of your road tests. Make sure it is in good working order and you feel comfortable driving it. Bring your current licence to the appointment. If you are a Level One driver, an accompanying driver must come with you to the test centre. If you are a Level Two driver, please be prepared to take alternate transportation home in case you fail your road test and are unqualified to drive.
No pets or passengers other than the driver examiner are allowed in the vehicle during a road test.
% p$ B) Z8 h9 nAll road tests have a set time frame. Before you begin your test, the examiner will inform you of the amount of time you have to complete the test. You will not be asked to do anything illegal during the road test. The examiner will explain the test and you should follow her or his instructions. The examiner is not allowed to coach you during the test, so if you have any questions, ask them before you begin.
$ @1 R! \4 X, A; X' x3 ?8 r. bWhile the Level One road test checks your basic driving skills, the Level Two road test is much more demanding. You should learn the proper driving skills as soon as you become a Level One driver so you can get as much driving experience as possible before taking the Level Two test.
  T, B. ^: ]4 k9 n; CFor the Level Two test, you must demonstrate a high level of driving skill and knowledge. You will also have to show that you can drive well on a freeway or high speed highway.
While you are taking the test, the examiner will be watching to see how well you control your vehicle and perform such driving tasks as starting, stopping, turning, parallel parking and three-point turning. The examiner will check your observation skills, including when and how often you use the mirrors, where you look, and how you respond to traffic, signs, pavement markings and possible hazards.
$ t- H: B5 a  J2 F$ n1 ^2 k/ hYou will be tested on how well you manage the space around your vehicle, your ability to make safe lane changes and how closely you follow and stop behind other vehicles. How you communicate with other road users - using turn signals and brake lights and making eye contact with other drivers and pedestrians - will also be noted, as well as the correctness of your driving decisions, such as knowing when to yield the right-of-way. For more information on the Level Two road test, click here.
+ {& K, F/ s% c) `At the end of each test, the examiner will give you a complete report of your skills and explain any mistakes you have made. If you fail the test, the report will show you where you need to improve. When you have had more practice, you can make an appointment to take the test again. You must wait at least 10 days between tests.
) Q. p1 C3 N7 n  [0 aG2 Exit Test - Checklist


. U/ y+ T. @- J. S3 HYou must have highway driving experience (experience driving on highways with speed limits of at least 80 km/h) before taking the G2 exit test. You must complete a Declaration of Highway Driving Experience form, describing the highway driving experience you have, before taking the road test. Bring the following items to the test:

• Vehicle in good working order
• Money for test fees (if applicable)
• Glasses or contact lenses (if you need to wear them to drive)

Arrive at least 30 minutes before Road Test appointment
Failure to attend road test, or short notice cancellation

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& R5 S# t9 |4 T$ J3 l0 lIf you cancel or reschedule your road test appointment with less than 48 hours notice, or if you fail to attend your appointment, your prepaid road test fee will not be refunded. Under certain extenuating circumstances only (such as a death in your immediate family), the road test fee will remain as a credit on your driving record.

Out-of-order road test


If your vehicle does not meet ministry standards for the purpose of a road test, or if there is a non-vehicle related reason for which the examiner determines that the road test cannot be completed, the examiner declares the road test out-of-order. If your road test is declared out-of-order, you lose 50% of your road test fee. The other 50% of the fee remains as a credit on your driving record, and may be applied when booking a new road test. In order to book the new road test, you will have to pay the 50% of the fee deducted due to the out-of-order.
6 U8 G2 W. S0 T8 j! m1 ]( ?8 s1 aIf you have any concerns that your road test may be declared out-of-order, contact the DriveTest Centre before your scheduled test to discuss it.

$ U6 ~% T0 t) d  l2 r* u& B1 @& KNew Ontario residents
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If you are a new resident of Ontario and have a valid driver's licence from another province or country, you can use that licence for 60 days in Ontario. If you want to continue to drive after 60 days, you must get an Ontario driver's licence.

Effective May 1, 2006, licensed driving experience for out-of-country applicants will be credited as follows:Requirements for all driver's licence applicants:

• All applicants for an Ontario driver's licence are required to present a valid foreign driver's licence (if it is not in English or French, it is to be accompanied by a written translation from a qualified translator), pass a vision test and a written knowledge test regarding Ontario's traffic rules, pay all applicable fees, and provide acceptable proof of identity.
• Applicants who fulfill these requirements can obtain a G1 licence.
• All applicants must declare their licensed driving experience on the driver's licence application form.
• Applicants are required to provide adequate proof of foreign licensed driving experience. However, if that is not possible, the ministry will accept an applicant's declaration of their foreign licensed driving experience on the driver's licence application for up to a maximum of 12 months licensed experience.
• This policy only applies to applicants for Class G licences.

4 m! ^9 x9 t) u6 _Applicants declaring less than 12 months licensed driving experience within the preceeding three years:

• Applicants are credited with the amount of licensed driving experience declared on the driver's licence application.
• Applicants must have 12 months licensed driving experience before attempting the G1 road test.
• If an applicant successfully completes a ministry-approved Beginner Driver Education course, the mandatory waiting time, prior to taking the G1 road test, will be reduced from 12 to 8 months.
• The 8-12 months may be a combination of licensed driving experience in the foreign jurisdiction and licensed experience in Ontario.

Applicants declaring more than 12 months licensed driving experience but less than 24 months within the preceding three years:

• Applicants will be credited with 12 months licensed driving experience and may proceed to take the G1 road test without having to fulfill the mandatory 12-month G1 wait period.
• If the applicant passes the G1 road test, they will be issued a G2 licence and will not be subject to the six restrictions of the G1 licence, including the requirement to have a fully licensed driver accompany them in the vehicle and prohibition from driving on 400-series expressways.
• To obtain credit for more than 12 months licensed driving experience, applicants are required to obtain written authentication of their foreign licensed driving experience from the originating licensing agency, or from the Embassy, Consulate or High Commissioners' offices representing the jurisdiction. The authentication letter must be on official letterhead and be written in either English or French.
• Applicants will be credited with their foreign licensed driving experience as certified on the authentication letter.
• Credited licensed driving experience will be applied toward the G2 12-month waiting period prior to taking the G2 road test.
• If applicants do not provide a letter of authentication, applicants must fulfill the 12-month mandatory waiting period prior to taking the G2 road test.

Applicants declaring a minimum of 24 months licensed driving experience within the preceding three years:

• To obtain credit for more than 12 months licensed driving experience, applicants are required to obtain written authentication of their foreign licensed driving experience from the originating licensing agency, or from the Embassy, Consulate or High Commissioners' offices representing the jurisdiction. The authentication letter must be on official letterhead and be written in either English or French.
• Applicants will be credited with their foreign licensed driving experience as certified on the authentication letter.
• Applicants have, pending a letter of authentication of a minimum of 24 months of foreign licensed driving experience, the option of attempting the G1 or G2 exit road tests (mandatory waiting times are waived).
• If the applicant chooses to attempt the G1 road test and successfully completes it, the applicant will then be eligible to attempt the G2 road test.
• Upon successfully passing the G2 exit road test, applicants will be issued a G licence.
• If applicants do not provide a letter of authentication, applicants must pass the G1 road test and must fulfill the 12-month waiting period prior to taking the G2 road test.

9 {5 s) C+ l4 [7 j3 o; C- ^Who does the policy affect?

+ g' [& ^8 t+ `7 xThe policy applies to all applicants coming from either a foreign jurisdiction that does not have a driver's licence reciprocal agreement with Ontario, or a U.S. state that is not part of the Inter-provincial Record Exchange.
' u5 \7 \% t! mThis policy does not apply to drivers from the following jurisdictions:

• Canadian provinces and territories
• Canadian Forces Europe
• U.S. states
• Australia, Austria, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Germany, Isle of Man, Japan, Korea and Switzerland

, a7 F1 }% M) B$ J& U+ EMotorcycle licence exchanges
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5 A$ ]. ]/ \, |( n7 Q, yExchange agreements apply to licensed motorcycle drivers from Canada, the United States, Australia and Switzerland. If you have less than two years of driving experience, you may get credit for your experience and enter Level Two of the graduated licensing system. Once you have a total of two years of driving experience, you may take the Level Two road test to earn full driving privileges.
There is no exchange agreement for motorcycle drivers from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, the Isle of Man, Japan and Korea. However, credit for holding a motorcycle licence from one of these countries will be granted for previous motorcycle experience when applying for a Class M motorcycle licence in Ontario.
2 ?* e3 @- I4 M. x! cIf you hold a motorcycle licence from another Canadian jurisdiction that is equivalent to Ontario's restricted Class M licence, you will be able to exchange your licence for a restricted Class M Ontario licence.
0 H8 c1 b" e' S* zDriving customs vary from place to place. That is why experienced drivers from other countries should familiarize themselves with Ontario's laws. The Official Driver's Handbook and the Ministry of Transportation website are good resources.

Could You Pass?
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The rest of this handbook gives you information you need to pass your tests and to keep your driving privileges once you get your licence. The written test may ask you about:

• seatbelts
• traffic signs and lights
• emergency vehicles
• how to use headlights
• speed limits
• getting on or off a freeway
• what drivers must do when they meet streetcars and school buses
• driver licence suspensions
• the demerit point system
• passing other vehicles
• collision reporting
• sharing the road with other road users
• rules of the road

) ?( h6 I/ t3 h, [' ?The road tests will test how well you use your knowledge while driving. You will be tested on:

• starting, stopping and turning
• traffic signs and lights
• passing vehicles, including bicycles, and driving in passing lanes
• travelling through controlled and uncontrolled intersections
• parallel parking and reversing
• foreseeing hazardous conditions and being ready for them
• other safe driving practices

7 a8 j$ G, E' xMake sure you know the information in this handbook before you take these tests. To see sample test questions that could appear on the knowledge test click here.

Summary

By the end of this chapter you should know:

• The legal requirements you must meet to obtain a driver's licence
• The different licence classifications and what type of vehicle they permit you to drive
• The identification you need to provide when applying for a driver's licence
• The restrictions and testing requirements under the graduated licensing system

ROCKY

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    Safe and Responsible Driving
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Being a safe and responsible driver takes a combination of knowledge, skill and attitude.
To begin, you must know the traffic laws and driving practices that help traffic move safely. Breaking these "rules of the road" is the major cause of collisions.
Traffic laws are made by federal, provincial and municipal governments, and police from each level can enforce them. If you break a traffic law, you may be fined, sent to jail or lose your driver's licence. If you get caught driving while your licence is suspended for a Criminal Code conviction, your vehicle may even be impounded.
3 Q4 R& h- v1 u2 kBut you need to do more than just obey the rules. You must care about the safety of others on the road. Everyone is responsible for avoiding collisions. Even if someone else does something wrong, you may be found responsible for a collision if you could have done something to avoid it.
) Z* A- `+ w: _3 K' X& b7 J& IBecause drivers have to cooperate to keep traffic moving safely, you must also be predictable, doing what other people using the road expect you to do. And you must be courteous. Courteous driving means giving other drivers space to change lanes, not cutting them off and signalling your turns and lane changes properly.
You must be able to see dangerous situations before they happen and to respond quickly and effectively to prevent them. This is called defensive or strategic driving. There are collision avoidance courses available where you can practice these techniques.
' ^" g3 R2 d: z. f  ^+ E3 z# o' UDefensive driving is based on three ideas: visibility, space and communication.
Visibility is about seeing and being seen. You should always be aware of traffic in front, behind and beside you. Keep your eyes constantly moving, scanning the road ahead and to the side and checking your mirrors every five seconds or so. The farther ahead you look, the less likely you will be surprised, and you will have time to avoid any hazards. Make sure other drivers can see you by using your signal lights as required.
Managing the space around your vehicle lets you see and be seen and gives you time and space to avoid a collision. Leave a cushion of space ahead, behind and to both sides. Because the greatest risk of a collision is in front of you, stay well back.
; r( P4 [3 ^% pCommunicate with other road users to make sure they see you and know what you are doing. Make eye contact with pedestrians, cyclists and drivers at intersections and signal whenever you want to slow down, stop, turn or change lanes. If you need to get another person's attention, use your horn.
Getting ready to drive
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# w0 f: }6 _' y- w6 oBefore you drive, make sure you are comfortable with your physical, mental, and emotional state, your vehicle and the conditions in which you will be driving. If you have doubts about any of them, don't drive.
Your ability to drive can change from one day to the next. Illness, fatigue, prescription and over-the-counter drugs, stress and your mental or emotional state can greatly diminish your ability to operate a motor vehicle. You should consider these factors before you begin driving, and you should not operate a motor vehicle when you are not fit to do so.
" S; ]- N% [0 I2 y! u0 q2 wBe physically and mentally alert
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# F+ y9 {2 n8 ~You must be in good physical and mental condition to drive. Don't drive when you are sick or injured or when you have been drinking alcohol or taking any drug or medication that may reduce your ability to drive.
Don't drive when you are tired. You might fall asleep at the wheel, risking the lives of others on the road. Even if you don't fall asleep, fatigue affects your driving ability. Your thinking slows down and you miss seeing things. In an emergency, you may make the wrong decision or you may not make the right decision fast enough.
3 F$ k# ?9 n2 R$ kDon't drive when you are upset or angry. Strong emotions can reduce your ability to think and react quickly.
8 [: V; L5 }/ SKnow your vehicle

Get to know your vehicle before you drive it. There are many types of vehicles available today with many different characteristics, including fuel ignition systems, anti-lock brakes, 4-wheel drive, and systems for traction control and stability control. Check the vehicle owner's manual. For driving in difficult situations and conditions see the section on dealing with particular situations.

4 c3 R: j6 [' Q& l7 G3 {6 kMake sure you know where all the controls and instruments are and what they do. Check that all warning lights and gauges work. Watch for a warning light that stays on after you drive away; it could mean a serious problem with your vehicle.
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8 j. b* v4 g9 U- t0 M3 XGet to know the controls well enough to turn on wipers and washers, headlights, highbeams, heater and defroster without having to look. Learning to use these essential controls without taking your eyes off the road is an important part of driving.

Get into position
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  g. w- c* N/ q- ~$ h% wMake sure you sit properly behind the wheel. You should sit high enough in the driver's seat to see over the steering wheel and hood. You should be able to see the ground four metres in front of the vehicle. Use a firm cushion if needed.
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Be sure that you are sitting straight upright in the seat withy our elbows slightly bent. Adjust the seat so your feet reach the pedals easily. To check your position, try placing your feet flat on the floor under the brake pedal. If you can do this without stretching, you are seated properly. This keeps you in the proper, upright sitting position and gives you more stability when manoeuvring your vehicle.
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9 {/ B) r/ V% \7 J2 G- B1 d0 nIf your vehicle has an adjustable headrest, you should make sure it is at the right height. The back of your head should be directly in front of the middle of the headrest to protect you in a collision.

4 ]' K/ _9 b$ g! J: v6 n  q  wCheck that you have enough room in the front seat to drive properly and safely. Do not overcrowd your driving space with passengers or property.






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Keep a clear view
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6 [% j- s, D: ]5 ~% k' B' {, ?+ ]Keep a clear view when driving. Do not put anything in your windows that will block your view. The windows of your vehicle must not be coated with any material that keeps you from seeing out in any direction. Neither should the windshield or front door windows be coated to keep someone from seeing inside the vehicle.
. a% h4 ~4 u& y+ j' A& A) t9 |5 sFind your blind spots
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( i  J: u8 ?- T; z4 aCheck and adjust your mirrors and find your blind spots - the area on each side of your vehicle where you cannot see. You may not see people or cyclists when they are in these spots. On some vehicles the blind spot is so large that a vehicle could be there and you would not see it.

Adjust your mirrors so that there are as few blind spots as possible. Blind spots in most vehicles are to the back left and back right of the vehicle. To reduce the blind spots even more, position the interior mirror so that the centre of the mirror shows the centre of the rear window. You should be able to see directly behind the car when the interior mirror is properly adjusted. Position the left outside mirror by leaning towards the window and moving the mirror so that you can just see the rear of your car. Position the right outside mirror by leaning to the centre of the vehicle and moving the mirror so that you can again just see the rear of your car. Avoid overlap in what you can see in your mirrors. Because your side mirrors show only narrow angles of view, turning your head to do shoulder checks is the only way to make sure there is nothing in your blind spots.

" t5 {. p/ Z0 @1 w! \" O4 CYou should know the blind spots on your own vehicle. You can learn where and how large they are by having someone walk around your car and watching the person in the mirrors.

Fasten your seatbelt
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The proper use of a seatbelt can save your life. Even a small increase in the number of people that wear their seatbelts can save many lives.
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, r! W, U& {% t. i- {Use your seatbelt every time you travel in any vehicle equipped with seatbelts. All passengers must be buckled up in their own seatbelt or child car seat.

Drivers who do not buckle up can be fined and given two demerit points. Drivers may also be fined and receive demerit points if they fail to ensure that all passengers under 16 years of age are properly buckled in a seatbelt or child car seat. Level One (G1) and Level Two (G2) drivers who do not ensure there is a working seatbelt for every passenger can lose their licence for at least 30 days.

Seatbelts should be worn snugly enough to keep you in your seat during a collision. Never put more than one person into a seatbelt; this can cause serious injury or even death in a collision. Wear the shoulder strap over your shoulder, never under your arm. The lap belt should be worn low over the hips, not against the stomach.

7 L' T8 c, n# u  D7 b2 ]Use your seatbelt always, even when you are sitting in a position with an active airbag. Airbags do not replace seatbelts. In a collision, your seatbelt will keep you in position so that the airbag can protect you.

% u" S& D( f* Q) A8 s- gNote: The safest place a passenger can travel is inside a vehicle, properly buckled in. It is not safe to travel outside a vehicle, such as in the back of a pickup truck, or in a trailer that is being towed. It is important for passengers to be secured within a vehicle to avoid being thrown from the vehicle during a collision.
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* C8 B  k; P/ z  `" E) ^For more information on seatbelts call ServiceOntario Transportation Info Line (416) 235-4686 (1-800-268-4686) or visit www.mto.gov.on.ca.

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Child safety
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To be safely protected in a vehicle, children must be properly secured in a child car seat, booster seat or seatbelt, depending on their height, weight and/or age. Research shows that a correctly used child car seat can reduce the likelihood of injury or death by 75 percent.
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2 c9 m- H/ L' A4 g1 B: MAs a driver, you are responsible for ensuring that passengers under 16 years of age are properly buckled into a seatbelt or child car seat. The fine for not using a child car seat as required by law is up to $500 plus two demerit points. In Ontario, parents, grandparents and caregivers are all required to use proper child car seats when transporting children.

Child car seats must meet Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (CMVSS). Buckles and straps must be fastened according to the manufacturer's instructions. Newer vehicles that come equipped with a lower Universal Anchorage System (UAS) for securing a child car seat for infants and toddlers, do not require a seatbelt to secure the child car seat to the vehicle. A booster seat requires a lap and shoulder belt combination.
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Infants who weigh less than 9 kg (20 lbs.) must be buckled into a rear-facing child car seat attached to the vehicle by a seatbelt or the UAS. Never put a rear-facing child car seat in a seating position that has an active airbag. If the airbag inflates, it could seriously injure the child.
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( p9 f  z7 T1 b$ m% r) sToddlers nine to 18 kg (20 to 40 lbs.) must be buckled into a child car seat attached to the vehicle by a tether strap at the top and at the base by a seatbelt or a UAS. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions when installing a child car seat in your vehicle.
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Booster seats provide 60 percent more protection than seatbelts alone. These must be used by pre-school and primary grade-aged children who are under the age of eight and weigh 18 kg or more but less than 36 kg (40-80 lbs.), and who are less than 145 cm (4 feet, 9 inches) tall. Booster seats raise a child up so that the adult seatbelt works more effectively. You must use a booster seat with a lap/shoulder belt. The child's head must be supported by the top of the booster, vehicle seat or headrest. The lap/shoulder belt should be worn so that the shoulder belt fits closely against the body, over the shoulder and across the chest and the lap belt sits firmly against the body and across the hips.

7 n+ L+ K) g0 X# Z; ?( pIf your vehicle has lap belts only, secure the child by the lap belt only. Never use a lap belt alone with a booster seat.
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* V' a9 N" C5 H8 u0 I$ [4 bChildren may start using a seatbelt alone once any one of the following criteria is met:

• the child turns eight years old;
• the child weighs 36 kg (80 lbs) or more; or,
• the child is 145 cm (4 feet 9 inches) tall or taller.

0 t6 s! E6 c. m5 ~  W# gDo not place a child in a seating position in front of an air bag that is not turned off or cannot be turned off. The safest place for a child under age 13 is in the back seat.

Correct installation of a child car seat is key for ensuring a child's safety. Your local public health unit is a good resource for finding out how to properly install a child car seat.
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5 r* i3 E9 D* d* n2 V! tFor more information on child car seats call ServiceOntario Transportation Info at (416) 235-4686 (1-800-268-4686) or visit www.mto.gov.on.ca.
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Note: Be careful if buying a used child car seat. Ensure that the seat comes with complete manufacturer's instructions and all necessary equipment; does not show signs of deterioration; has not been in a collision; is not under recall; and, is not expired or more than 10 years old.
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Seatbelts and child car seats save lives
6 w; F0 P1 N2 x, G  CSeatbelts and child car seats reduce the risk of injury or death in collisions.
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• Seatbelts help keep you inside and in control of the vehicle during a collision. People who are thrown from a vehicle have a much lower chance of surviving a collision.
• Seatbelts keep your head and body from hitting the inside of the vehicle or another person in the vehicle. When a vehicle hits a solid object, the people inside keep moving until something stops them. If you are not wearing your seatbelt, the steering wheel, windshield, dashboard or another person might be what stops you. This "human collision" often causes serious injury.
• Fire or sinking in water is rare in collisions. If it does happen, seatbelts help keep you conscious, giving you a chance to get out of the vehicle.
• In a sudden stop or swerve, no one can hold onto a child who is not in a seatbelt or child car seat. Infants or children who are not wearing seatbelts can be thrown against the vehicle's interior, collide with other people or be ejected.
• When using a child car seat, make sure that the seat is tightly secured by the vehicle seatbelt or by the UAS, and for a forward-facing car seat, ensure the tether strap is also used. When installing the child car seat, press one knee into the seat and use your body weight to push it into the vehicle seat, then tighten the seatbelt or the car seat UAS strap as much as possible. The installed child car seat should move no more than 2.5 cm (1 inch) where the seatbelt or UAS strap is routed through the child car seat.
• Use a locking clip where needed to ensure that the seatbelt stays locked into position and will not develop slack during a collision.
• If a rear-facing child car seat does not rest at the proper 45-degree angle, then you can prop up the base of the seat with a towel or a Styrofoam bar ("pool noodle"). Eighty per cent of the base of a forward-facing car seat should be firmly supported by the vehicle seat.

Turn on headlights at night and in poor conditions

Headlights make it easier for you to see and be seen at night and in poor light conditions. Your vehicle's headlights must shine a white light that can be seen at least 150 metres in front and is strong enough to light up objects 110 metres away. You must also have red rear lights that can be seen 150 metres away and a white light lighting the rear licence plate when headlights are on.
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Turn on headlights one-half hour before sunset and keep them on until one-half hour after sunrise. You must always use lights when fog, snow or rain keeps you from clearly seeing people or vehicles less than 150 metres away. Please see the section on driving at night and in bad weather.

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Diagram 2-6 - Highbeams

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Don't drive with only one headlight or with lights that are not aimed properly. Have your headlight adjustment checked regularly, keep them clean, and replace burned-out bulbs as soon as possible.
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Parking lights are only for parking. In low light, use your headlights, not parking lights.

When you use highbeam headlights, remember to switch to lowbeams within 150 metres of an oncoming vehicle. Use your lowbeams when you are less than 60 metres behind another vehicle unless you are passing it. These rules apply to all roads, including divided ones.

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% V2 I; ]9 |1 |1 N1 m; s1 FDiagram 2-7 - Lowbeams
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Studies show that using daytime running lights makes it easier for other drivers to see you. Remember to switch to regular headlights one-half hour before sunset.

/ r- {0 d4 C! s$ DDriving with your vehicle's full lighting system turned on at all times is recommended. This ensures that the rear lights are on, making you more visible to other drivers.


4 E! ?6 n% e/ NSummary
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9 J" w" I3 e( J6 Y; H; E" I7 BBy the end of this section you should know:

• The concepts of safe and responsible and defensive driving
• Factors that may affect your physical and mental readiness to drive
• How to familiarize yourself with your vehicle's controls and how to set your seating position
• The legal requirements surrounding seatbelts, booster seats, and child car seats
• How and when to use your vehicle's lighting system

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( d# h- h8 t, t( X7 J    Driving along
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Always be aware of traffic around you as you drive. Develop a routine for looking ahead, behind and from side to side. Check your mirrors every five seconds or so, and check your blind spots by turning your head to look over your shoulder. Keep other drivers out of your blind spot by changing your speed and don't drive in other vehicles' blind spots. This is especially true when driving around large commercial vehicles as they typically have large blind spots to the sides and back. Be extra careful at dusk and dawn when everyone has difficulty adjusting to the changing light.
Keep a cushion of space around your vehicle and be prepared for the unexpected. Anticipate other drivers movements and make allowances for every possible error. Look well ahead and watch for people in parked vehicles - they may be about to pull out in front of you or to open a door. Watch for smaller vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians.
Steer smoothly


All steering should be smooth and precise. You should do most steering and lane changes without taking either hand off the wheel. You must be able to steer in a straight line while shifting gears, adjusting controls or checking your blind spot.
8 q8 n% _4 ^3 e6 I% |Picture the steering wheel as a clock and place your hands at nine o'clock and three o'clock.
: n  a( x5 Z0 ?$ f! NUse signals

Signals tell other drivers what you want to do, alerting them to your intention to turn or stop.
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3 h, Z7 e8 K# U2 ^9 e1 v6 L- t, A6 uUse your turn signals and brake lights to signal before stopping, slowing down, turning, changing lanes, leaving the road or moving out from a parked position. Give the correct signal well before taking the action and make sure other drivers can see it. Check that the way is clear before you act - just signalling is not enough. Follow the rules for turns, whether left or right, on lane changes and on yields to other vehicles and pedestrians.
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8 Q. \2 j& o7 EIf your turn signals and brake lights are not working, use hand and arm signals. The pictures on this page show how to make hand and arm signals. When watching for signals made by others, remember that cyclists may signal right turns by holding their right arms straight out.

/ L- ]; O# ^' Z$ y6 Q5 g. C# RAfter signalling, move only when it is safe to do so.


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Keep right
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Keep to the right of the road or in the right-hand lane on multi-lane roads unless you want to turn left or pass another vehicle. This is especially important if you are driving more slowly than other vehicles.
Obey speed limits
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, f' V/ r5 A1 AObey the maximum speed limit posted on signs along the road, but always drive at a speed that will let you stop safely. This means driving below the maximum speed in bad weather, in heavy traffic or in construction zones. School zones and construction zones often have lower speed limits to protect children and those who work on or near the road.
$ A( U) U+ F& l5 L/ _4 |* dWhere there are no posted speed limits, the maximum speed is 50 km/h in cities, towns, villages and built-up areas and 80 km/h elsewhere.
Cruise control is a driver aid that can improve fuel economy and prevent you from inadvertently exceeding the speed limit. However, there are some circumstances in which cruise control should not be used, such as adverse driving conditions (wet, icy or slippery roads), in heavy traffic, or when you are feeling fatigued.
( K. D+ E; J: v( K, r9 ~$ tSpeed measuring warning devices are illegal. If you get caught driving with such a device, you will be fined and accumulate demerit points.
: A' J; @2 i2 v* d) EObey police
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2 \: q: G; _5 K4 eWhen police officers are directing traffic, you must follow their directions, even if the directions are different from traffic lights or signs.
When a police officer signals you to pull your vehicle over, you must pull over as far to the right as you safely can and come to a complete stop. Stay in your vehicle and wait for the police officer. You must immediately, upon the police officer's request, surrender your driver's licence, vehicle permit (or copy) and insurance. Contrary to popular belief, you do not have 24 hours to present these documents. If you do not obey a police officer's direction to pull over, you risk being fined (up to $25,000), having your licence suspended or even serving time in prison.
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Maintaining space

As a general rule, drive at the same speed as traffic around you without going over the speed limit. Leave a cushion of space around your vehicle to let other drivers see you and to avoid a collision.
Whenever you follow another vehicle, you need enough space to stop safely if the other vehicle brakes suddenly. A safe following distance is at least two seconds behind the vehicle in front of you. This lets you see around the vehicle ahead and gives you enough distance to stop suddenly.
8 z. w" e3 i% K- j0 PDo not block the normal and reasonable movement of traffic.
* ^' u* l. K0 m* k! M/ `" a% NDiagram 2-9
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To give yourself a two-second space, follow these steps:

• Pick a marker on the road ahead, such as a road sign or telephone pole.
• When the rear of the vehicle ahead passes the marker, count "one thousand and one, one thousand and two".
• When the front of your vehicle reaches the marker, stop counting. If you reach the marker before you count "one thousand and two," you are following too closely.

& u9 r* I8 M( D, PRemember that the two-second rule gives a minimum following distance. It applies only to ideal driving conditions. You will need extra space in certain situations, such as bad weather, when following motorcycles or large trucks, or when carrying a heavy load.
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Summary

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* o5 @7 \: @" R* ^By the end of this section you should know:

• How to steer and use your vehicle's signalling system and hand signals
• The importance of maintaining space and how to measure following distance
• Where to position your vehicle on the road and to obey speed limits and police

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    Sharing the road with other road users
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8 w3 I/ V4 |( b' [4 F: E* L4 t' rOntario's roads accommodate a variety of road users, including pedestrians, motorcycles, limited-speed motorcycles, mopeds, bicycles, large trucks, buses and farm machinery. Be aware of other road users, the speed at which they travel and the space they occupy on the road.
Sharing the road with motorcycles and limited-speed motorcycles
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# W. P) j  f/ bMotorcycles, limited-speed motorcycles, mopeds and bicycles are harder to see because of their size. Drivers of these vehicles may make sudden moves because of uneven road surfaces or poor weather conditions. Because they are less protected, they are more likely to be injured in a collision.
; B! R' [  n: P$ Z2 f: wMotorcycles use a full lane; treat them like other vehicles when driving. Since many motorcycle turn signals do not automatically shut off, be careful when turning left in front of an oncoming motorcycle with its turn signal on. Make sure the motorcyclist is actually turning; he or she may have just forgotten to switch off the turn signal.
Sharing the road with cyclists
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Bicycles and mopeds that cannot keep up with traffic are expected to keep to the right of the lane; however, they can use any part of the lane if necessary for safety, such as to avoid potholes and sewer grates. Cyclists need a metre on either side of themselves as a safety zone. When passing a cyclist, allow at least one metre between your car and the cyclist.


Diagram 2-10
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If the lane is too narrow to share, change lanes to pass the cyclist. When turning right, signal and check your mirrors and the blind spot to your right to make sure you do not cut off a cyclist. When parked on the side of the street, look behind you and check your mirrors and blinds spots for a passing cyclist before opening a door.


4 C( P! Q8 n4 p& wDiagram 2-11
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Sharing the road with large commercial vehicles
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It is extremely important to know how to drive safely when sharing the road with large commercial vehicles such as tractor-trailers and buses. Recent data shows that the majority of fatalities resulting from collisions involving large commercial trucks are not the result of the truck driver's actions but of the other driver's actions. Therefore, sharing the road with large commercial vehicles means you must always be aware of a large vehicle's capabilities and limitations. Be aware of the following:
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3 e& b9 @) k2 a. c+ U3 i1. Blind Spots - Large commercial vehicles have big blind spots on both sides. Avoid tailgating a large vehicle. The driver cannot see you if you are directly behind and if the vehicle stops suddenly, you have no place to go. Remember that if you can't see the driver's face in the large vehicle's side view mirror, the driver cannot see you.
Diagram 2-12 blind spot

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0 W+ _" a9 P6 E/ E2. Stopping Distance - Large commercial vehicles require a much longer distance to stop than smaller vehicles. When passing a large vehicle, do not cut in front closely. Not only is this discourteous, it is dangerous; it reduces the space cushion large vehicles require in order to stop safely. Allow more room when passing a large vehicle.
$ }  _* e+ T" \7 Y% MDiagram 2-13
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7 [. K9 N7 `3 A, y0 Q. a1 a3. Wide Turns - When making a right turn, a large vehicle may need to first swing wide to the left and around in order to avoid hitting the right curb. If a large vehicle in front of you is making a right turn, do not move up into the space that opens up in the right lane; you are putting yourself into a very dangerous position. Once the front of the vehicle has cleared the corner, the rest will move partially back into the right lane. If you are in that lane, your vehicle will be squeezed between the trailer and the curb. Stay well back until the truck has completely cleared the lane.
This situation can occur on expressway off-ramps that have two left turning lanes. Do not drive up into the left lane when a large vehicle is making a left turn in front of you. Stay well back until the truck has cleared the left turn, or else you may get squeezed between the truck and the curb.
4. Rolling Back - Leave plenty of room if you are stopped behind a large vehicle. When the driver of a large vehicle releases the brakes after being stopped, the vehicle may roll back.
  L" @" b+ E: H4 V- `6 G$ o/ [5. Spray - In bad weather, large vehicles are capable of spraying up large amounts of mud, snow and debris, which could land on your windshield and temporarily block your vision.
( D" d0 B$ a. I% ~6. Turbulence - Due to various factors such as air pressure and airflow, a large vehicle can create heavy air turbulence. This may affect your ability to control your vehicle when passing a large vehicle.
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" D' z4 k. a9 a; cSharing the road with municipal buses
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* M- j; x5 ^: o( lMany municipal roadways have special indented stopping areas for municipal buses, called bus bays, where passengers can get on and off. There are three types of bus bays:

• mid-block indented bays;
• indentations immediately before and after intersections; and
• bus stop areas between two designated parking areas.

When a bus in a bus bay begins flashing its left turn signals, indicating that it is ready to leave the bus bay, and you are approaching in the lane adjacent to the bus bay, you must allow the bus to re-enter traffic.
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• A: Mid - block indented bays
• B: An indentation before an intersection
• C: An indentation after an intersection
• D: Bus stops between legally parked cars

Diagram 2-14

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Sharing the road with farm machinery


* d* Z7 a% k5 [' CFarm machinery moves quite slowly compared to other road users. Most tractors and combines have a maximum speed of 40 km/h, but travel at less than 40 km/h when towing implements or wagons. Farm machinery is often oversized, wide or long or both, making it difficult for the driver to see vehicles coming up from behind. Farmers often turn directly into fields rather than roads or lanes, or move from lane to lane. Remember that it is common for farmers to be on the roads after dark during peak planting and harvesting seasons.
/ k% U8 F6 f- L1 `' x" _* qFarm machinery on the road must display an orange and red slow-moving vehicle sign [link to the slow-moving vehicle sign on page 105.] on the rear of the vehicle. The sign warns other drivers that the vehicle is travelling at 40 km/h or less. If you see one of these signs, slow down and be cautious. Stay well back and do not pass until it is safe to do so.
Sharing the road with pedestrians
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+ Q) j* u) k% o4 x/ ~  nPay special attention to pedestrians, whether they are crossing roads in traffic, walking or jogging alongside roads, or using crosswalks or crossovers (generally known as crossings). Watch for children. Drive slowly and cautiously through school zones, residential areas and any other area where children may be walking or playing. You never know when a child might dart out from between parked cars or try to cross a street without checking for oncoming traffic. Be very cautious at twilight when children may still be playing outside, but are very difficult to see. Watch out for Community Safety Zone signs as they indicate areas where the community has identified that there is a special risk to pedestrians.
. T5 d& k3 y# g- OElderly pedestrians or those with disabilities need extra caution and courtesy from drivers as they may be slow in crossing the road. Be alert for pedestrians who are blind, visually impaired, hearing impaired, people in wheelchairs or people walking slowly due to some other physical impairment and give them appropriate consideration. Pedestrians who are blind or visually impaired may use a white cane or guide dog to help them travel safely along sidewalks and across intersections. Caution signs are posted in some areas where there is a special need for drivers to be alert.
Persons operating mobility devices (motorized wheelchair and medical scooters) are treated the same way as pedestrians. Usually these operators will travel along a sidewalk but if there is no sidewalk available, persons using a mobility device should travel, like pedestrians, along the left shoulder of the roadway facing oncoming traffic.
Some streetcar stops have a special safety island or zone for passengers getting on and off. Pass these safety islands and zones at a reasonable speed. Always be ready in case pedestrians make sudden or unexpected moves.
Summary


By the end of this section you should know:

• The importance of sharing the road with other road users, especially large vehicles,cyclists, and pedestrians
• How to share the road with other road users safely and appropriately

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8 @( a' P' Q# I% o* H    Driving through intersections
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' P1 N1 R3 b5 ~8 x. P2 LBe alert as you come to intersections and look carefully for traffic, yield signs, stop signs, traffic lights, cyclists and pedestrians.

" v' `% n' P$ W8 }; R* wThere are two main types of intersections: controlled and uncontrolled.
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/ s3 }( n- Y3 n, \5 [0 ~4 xDiagram 2-15
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& c8 W, o; c- oControlled intersections
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2 u# L- I4 T% F0 n3 l) h- xControlled intersections have traffic lights, yield signs or stop signs to control traffic (Diagram 2-16).
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, b: t! C+ A0 f/ X& TAt a controlled intersection where you face a green light, drive carefully through the intersection at a steady speed. If the light has been green for a while, be prepared to stop when it turns yellow. However, if you are already so close that you cannot stop safely, drive through the intersection with caution. Where you face a red light, come to a complete stop and wait until the light turns green.
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( c9 x- r4 o7 r* h9 qDiagram 2-16

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When you approach an intersection on a main road, and the intersection is blocked with traffic, stop before entering the intersection and wait until the traffic ahead moves on. This does not apply if you are turning left or right.

At a controlled intersection where you face a yield sign, slow down or stop if necessary and wait until the way is clear before driving through the intersection.

At a controlled intersection where you face a stop sign, come to a complete stop. Drive through the intersection only when the way is clear (Diagram 2-16).

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! _! B- F3 W' |' W8 BUncontrolled intersections
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Uncontrolled intersections have no signs or traffic lights. They are usually found in areas where there is not much traffic. Be extra careful around these intersections. If two vehicles come to an uncontrolled intersection from different roads at the same time, the driver on the left must let the driver on the right go first. This is called yielding the right-of-way.

7 H! F$ [7 K+ n  J' i% CYielding the right-of-way
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There are times when you must yield the right-of-way. This means you must let another driver go first. Here are some rules about when you must yield the right-of-way.

% c2 ?/ [0 }! _; QAt an intersection without signs or lights, you must yield the right-of-way to a vehicle approaching the intersection before you, and if you arrive at the same time, the vehicle approaching from the right has the right-of-way (Diagram 2-15).

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( s% D, D* n7 X8 `Diagram 2-15
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+ C* O: S+ o, d2 w3 M- wAt an intersection with stop signs at all corners, you must yield the right-of-way to the first vehicle to come to a complete stop. If two vehicles stop at the same time, the vehicle on the left must yield to the vehicle on the right (Diagram 2-16).
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7 \7 n# A5 E( E# v; ?) x& p* _" N- aDiagram 2-16


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At any intersection where you want to turn left or right, you must yield the right-of-way. If you are turning left, you must wait for approaching traffic to pass or turn and for pedestrians in or approaching your path to cross. If you are turning right, you must wait for pedestrians to cross if they are in or approaching your path (Diagram 2-17).
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A yield sign means you must slow down or stop if necessary and yield the right-of-way to traffic in the intersection or on the intersecting road.

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Diagram 2-17
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When entering a road from a private road or driveway, you must yield to vehicles on the road and pedestrians on the sidewalk (Diagram 2-18).

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0 K/ R; H! Z  Q+ Z3 H9 _Diagram 2-18
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You must yield the right-of-way to pedestrians crossing at specially marked pedestrian crossovers (Diagram 2-19).
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Remember, signalling does not give you the right-of-way. You must make sure the way is clear.

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/ f9 w( d. f) t1 W8 ~6 O4 SDiagram 2-19


2 J! X2 P: r5 ESummary
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By the end of this section you should know:

• The difference between controlled and uncontrolled intersections and how to safely navigate them
• The concept of right-of-way and common situations where you must yield to other road users

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3 v% y! j: d+ u# D8 {' w    Stopping
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: U5 a1 v( V5 b8 v# ZKnowing how to stop safely and properly is an important driving skill. Safe and responsible drivers see stops ahead, check their mirrors, begin braking early and stop smoothly. Braking is easier when you sit properly. Use your right foot for both brake and gas pedals so you won't step on both pedals at the same time or activate your brake lights unnecessarily. Press the brake pedal firmly and evenly.
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( D, w) {0 W. D7 ZIn a vehicle with manual transmission, try shifting into a lower gear going down long, steep hills. This will help control your speed and you won't have to brake as sharply. Downshift before starting downhill since it may not be possible once you are going downhill. As a guide, you should be in the same gear going downhill as uphill.
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You must come to a complete stop for all stop signs and red traffic lights. Stop at the stop line if it is marked on the pavement (Diagram 2-20).


Diagram 2-20


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If there is no stop line, stop at the crosswalk, marked or not. If there is no crosswalk, stop at the edge of the sidewalk. If there is no sidewalk, stop at the edge of the intersection (Diagram 2-21). Wait until the way is clear before entering the intersection.
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Diagram 2-21
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0 `! j! n1 r1 m  X9 U9 ZStopping at railway crossings

All railway crossings on public roads in Ontario are marked with large red and white 'X' signs. Watch for these signs and be prepared to stop. You may also see yellow advance warning signs and large 'X' pavement markings ahead of railway crossings. Some railway crossings have flashing signal lights and some use gates or barriers to keep drivers from crossing the tracks when a train is coming. Some less travelled crossings have stop signs posted. Remember it can take up to two kilometres for a train to stop under full emergency braking. On private roads, railway crossings may not be marked, so watch carefully.

9 @9 l+ S( n% e) F5 {Diagram 2-22
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When you come to a railway crossing, remember:

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• Slow down, listen and look both ways to make sure the way is clear before crossing the tracks.
• If a train is coming, stop at least five metres from the nearest rail or gate. Do not cross the track until you are sure the train or trains have passed.
• Never race a train to a crossing.
• If there are signal lights, wait until they stop flashing and, if the crossing has a gate or barrier, wait until it rises, before you cross the tracks.
• Never drive around, under or through a railway gate or barrier while it is down, being lowered or being raised. It is illegal and dangerous.
• Avoid stopping in the middle of railway tracks; for example, in heavy traffic, make sure you have enough room to cross the tracks completely before you begin to cross.
• Avoid shifting gears while crossing tracks.
• If you get trapped on a crossing, immediately get everyone out and away from the vehicle. Move to a safe place and then contact authorities.
• Buses and other public vehicles are required to stop at railway crossings that are not protected by gates, signal lights, or a stop sign. School buses must stop at railway crossings whether or not they are protected by gates or signal lights. Watch for these buses and be prepared to stop behind them.
• If you are approaching a railway crossing with a stop sign, you must stop unless otherwise directed by a flagman.

+ e8 G1 u8 j9 H$ m; s/ i( GStopping at school crossings
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Where a school crossing guard displays a red and white stop sign you must stop before reaching the crossing and remain stopped until all persons, including the school crossing guard, have cleared your half of the roadway and it is safe to proceed. If you have any doubts on when it is safe to drive forward, wait until all the children and the guard have cleared the crossing. Drivers who don't follow the stopping requirements may be fined between $150 and $500 and get 3 demerit points.
4 @' z. ^1 W' B( P8 E9 i3 ^Stopping for school buses
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School buses in Ontario come in a range of sizes. All are chrome yellow and display the words "School Bus."

You must stop whenever you approach a stopped school bus with its upper alternating red lights flashing, regardless of whether you are behind the bus or approaching it from the front. When approaching the bus from the front, stop at a safe distance for children to get off the bus and cross the road in front of you. If you are coming from behind the bus, stop at least 20 metres away. Do not go until the bus moves or the lights have stopped flashing.

Diagram 2-23

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Diagram 2-24

If you are on a road with a median strip, only vehicles coming from behind the bus must stop. (A median is a physical barrier such as a raised, lowered, earth or paved strip constructed to separate traffic travelling in different directions. Vehicles cannot cross over a median strip.)

You must obey the school bus law on any road, no matter how many lanes or what the speed limit. Be prepared to stop for a school bus at any time, not just within school hours.

As well as the upper alternating red flashing lights, school buses use a stop sign arm on the driver's side of the bus. This arm, a standard stop sign with alternating flashing red lights at top and bottom, swings out after the upper alternating red lights begin to flash. Remain stopped until the arm folds away and all lights stop flashing.

Stopping for pedestrian crossovers
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Diagram 2-25


" }  {/ @" }/ i# V$ b* o% IPedestrian crossovers (also commonly called crosswalks) are designated areas that allow pedestrians to safely cross roads where there are no traffic lights. Always watch for pedestrians and people using wheelchairs at these crossings. Pedestrians may push a button to make overhead yellow lights flash to warn drivers. Pedestrians should point across the road to show they want to cross before entering the roadway. Drivers, including cyclists, must stop and allow pedestrians to cross. Once people have cleared your side of the road, you can proceed with caution.
; K' D3 J% p( _; e1 w5 b4 q9 jDo not pass any vehicle within 30 metres of a pedestrian crossover.
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Note: It is illegal to fail to stop for a stopped school bus that has its red lights flashing. If you don't stop, you can be fined $400 to $2,000 and get six demerit points for a first offence. If you are convicted a second time within five years, the penalty is a fine of $1,000 to $4,000 and six demerit points. You could also go to jail for up to six months. In Ontario, school bus drivers and other witnesses can report vehicles that have illegally passed a school bus. If you are the vehicle's registered owner, these same fines, but not demerit points or jail time, may be applied to you.

Watch for school buses near railway crossings. All school buses must stop at all railway crossings. The upper alternating red lights are not used for these stops, so be alert.

! D" g# m; w. g3 `7 z0 _- DSummary


0 N  H4 w1 l5 tBy the end of this section you should know:

• Where to position your vehicle when stopping at stop lights and stop signs
• The importance of stopping at railway crossings and how to position your vehicle to stop for them
• How and when to stop for school crossings and school buses
• How and when to stop for pedestrian crossovers

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) ]! J" Y0 `$ t& T& `

    Changing directions


Before you turn a corner, back up, change lanes or turn around, you need to know what is beside and behind you. Always check your mirrors and over your shoulder to make sure the way is clear and you have enough space to complete the move safely.
8 Y" Q3 I5 M1 b. d" x2 c; s( ~Turning a corner
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To turn a corner, signal well before the turn. When the way is clear, move into the proper lane - either the far right lane for a right turn or the far left lane in your direction for a left turn. Signal your turn and look from side to side to make sure the way is clear.
2 f" ?1 W: C2 f4 m; @# w* gSlow down before you enter the turn; the sharper the turn, the slower you should go. To keep full control of the vehicle, finish braking before you turn the steering wheel.
For a sharp turn, turn the steering wheel with one hand and cross the other hand over it. Grip the wheel on the other side and continue turning. This is called "hand over hand steering." When you have completed the turn, relax your grip on the steering wheel and let it slip or gently feed it through your hands to return to the straight-ahead position. Do not turn the steering wheel with one finger or the flat palm of your hand. Gradually increase speed as you complete the turn.
; N. m* W/ D* ^0 M8 [Remember, drivers often lose control of vehicles and skid because they try to do more than one thing at a time. Try not to brake and steer at the same time.
Right turns
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Unless signs or pavement markings tell you not to, always begin and end a right turn close to the right side of the road.
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; F6 J5 X, O1 o, ?6 q  d. W- z& OTo make a right turn, signal well before the turn and move into the right-hand lane when the way is clear. If the right-hand lane is not marked, keep as far to the right of the road as possible. Look ahead, left, right and left again before starting to turn. If you have not seen any smaller vehicles or pedestrians, check your right rear blind spot. Let cyclists, limited-speed motorcycles, or moped riders go through the intersection before you turn. When it is safe, complete your turn into the right-hand lane of the road you are entering.
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Diagram 2-26

Right turn on a red light

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Unless a sign tells you not to, you may turn right on a red light as long as you first come to a complete stop and wait until the way is clear. Remember to yield to pedestrians and others using the road.

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Left turns
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Unless signs or pavement markings tell you not to, always begin and end a left turn in the far left lane in your direction.

To make a left turn, signal well before the turn and move into the far left lane when the way is clear. Look ahead, behind, left, right and left again and check your blind spots. Make your turn when the way is clear.
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When you are stopped at an intersection waiting for approaching traffic to clear, don't turn your steering wheel to the left until you can complete the turn. With your wheels turned to the left, your vehicle could be pushed into the path of oncoming traffic.
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, f  q: E0 ^' J. W- pWhen two vehicles coming from opposite directions meet in an intersection waiting to turn left, each should turn to the left of the other after yielding the right-of-way to pedestrians and oncoming traffic.

$ L8 A. R' R* L( S1 @/ o. O" jMotorcycles, bicycles, limited-speed motorcycles and mopeds turn left at intersections in the same way as larger vehicles. If you are making a left turn behind one of these vehicles, do not pull up beside it to make your turn at the same time. Stay behind and turn when the way is clear. Wait for the smaller vehicle to move right before you pass.
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The following diagrams show you the correct way to turn left on different types of roads:
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Diagram 2-27: Two-way road to a two-way road.
Turn from the lane closest to the centre line to the lane right of the centre line, following a smooth arc. Then, when you can, move into the right curb lane.


- I$ `. }/ n7 g: L( X$ B& a% NDiagram 2-27
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Diagram 2-28: Two-way road to a one-way road.
Turn from the lane closest to the centre line to the left curb lane.

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; o7 g( U& o. N0 y1 F4 J' c+ d4 _1 B, UDiagram 2-28
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. @+ ^( N  ]! U6 vDiagram 2-29: One-way road to a two-way road.
6 I# z* ?8 J8 n1 \Turn from the left curb lane to the lane just right of the centre line. Then, when you can, move into the right curb lane.


1 _( g( w1 D7 c4 b5 k% o: BDiagram 2-29

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+ J7 [1 W' W- ], S/ y# MDiagram 2-30: One-way road to a one-way road.
/ j9 I/ U  m! i' YTurn from the left curb lane to the left curb lane.


- i- N2 q5 f& W2 r9 V+ CDiagram 2-30

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! i% ]( [2 x' `# o' d' TLeft-turn lanes
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Some roads have special lanes for vehicles turning left (Diagram 2-31). At an intersection where left-turn lanes are marked on the pavement, make your turn from the marked lane. Keep this lane position as you turn onto the other road.
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- m- w4 p. L2 V5 @, c. aDiagram 2-31

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The centre lane of some roads is used as a two-way left-turn lane (Diagram 2-32). This lets left-turning vehicles from both directions wait for a chance to turn without holding up traffic. To use a two-way left-turn lane, follow these steps:

• Signal and move into the centre lane shortly before your turn. Slow down.
• Carefully move forward to a spot opposite the road or driveway where you want to turn.
• Make your turn when the way is clear.

Remember that vehicles from the opposite direction also use this lane to turn left. As they wait in front of you, it may be hard for you to see oncoming traffic. Only go when you are sure the way is clear. These left turn lanes are not to be used for passing.
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Diagram 2-32


& M; ^( H4 c3 t/ j, G/ ]" zLeft turn on a red light
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You may turn left from a one-way road to a one-way road on a red light after coming to a complete stop and making sure the way is clear. Yield to pedestrians and traffic.
Driving through roundabouts
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/ K5 g2 A2 v. N) W- \Diagram 2-33
Approaching:

• Slow down and watch for pedestrians on the approach to the yield line at the entrance of the roundabout. Stay in your lane.

% C- E5 z- `# Z6 |Entering:

• Visual checks: Do visual checks of all vehicles already in the roundabout and those waiting to enter (including cyclists).
• Look left: Traffic in the roundabout has the right-of-way. When preparing to enter the roundabout, pay special attention to the vehicles to your left. Adjust your speed or stop at the yield sign if necessary.
• Adequate gap: Watch for a safe opportunity to enter the roundabout. Enter when there is an adequate gap in the circulating traffic flow. Don't enter directly beside another vehicle already in the roundabout, as that vehicle may be exiting at the next exit.
• Travel counter-clockwise: Once in the roundabout, always keep to the right of the central island and travel in a counter-clockwise direction.
• Keep moving: Once you are in the roundabout, do not stop except to avoid a collision; you have the right-of-way over entering traffic.
• Signal: Always signal lane changes.

Exiting:

• Signal: Be sure to signal your exit and watch for pedestrians.
• Maintain your lane: Stay to the left if you entered from the left lane, or stay to the right if you entered from the right lane.
• Maintain your position: Maintain your position relative to other vehicles.
• Signal intent to exit: Once you have passed the exit before the one you want, use your right-turn signal.
• Left lane exit: If exiting from the left lane, watch out for vehicles on the right that continue to circulate around the roundabout.

( b1 w/ i) E  f6 z. MDealing with particular situations at a roundabout:

. O, z2 i) l  U# U( f1 EConsider large vehicles
Allow extra room alongside large vehicles (trucks and buses). Large vehicles may have to swing wide on the approach or within the roundabout. Give them plenty of room.Pull over for emergency vehicles
If you are in a roundabout when an emergency vehicle approaches, exit at your intended exit and proceed beyond the traffic island before pulling over. If you have not entered the roundabout yet, pull over to the right if possible and wait until the emergency vehicle has passed.Driving a large vehicle in a roundabout
: f3 s1 H9 k+ b0 VA driver negotiating a roundabout in a large vehicle (such as a truck or bus) may need to use the full width of the roadway, including the apron (a mountable portion of the centre island adjacent to the roadway) if provided. Prior to entering the roundabout, the vehicle may need to occupy both lanes. Give large vehicles plenty of room to manoeuvre.
9 J4 `3 U$ P7 ]8 v4 @0 tBacking up

Take extra care and move slowly when backing up (reversing) your vehicle. Before you begin, check that the way is clear behind you. Be especially careful to look for children and cyclists.
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While firmly holding the steering wheel, put the gear selector in reverse and turn sideways in your seat to look over your shoulder in the direction you are moving. If you are reversing straight back or to the right, turn your body and head to the right and look back over your right shoulder (Diagram 2-34).


Diagram 2-34
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; }- z# n2 J2 R6 D  WIf you are reversing to the left, turn your body and head to the left and look over your left shoulder (Diagram 2-35). Always check the opposite shoulder as well. If you are turning as you reverse, check that the front end of your vehicle does not hit anything.

You don't have to wear a seatbelt while backing up. If you need to remove your seatbelt to turn your body to see properly when reversing, do so. But don't forget to buckle up again before moving forward.
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+ I+ G- m! _. ]: bDiagram 2-35
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It is illegal to drive in reverse on a divided road that has a speed limit of more than 80 km/h. This applies to the travelled section of the road and the shoulder. The only exception to this rule is if you are trying to help someone in trouble.

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) h0 W2 S: i4 HTurning around


# D+ L( a. t5 a* w* s9 t' R, }; pYou may need to turn around when driving if you miss a turn or go too far along a road. There are several ways to do this safely.
$ o# u+ {2 e9 V: Q1 m: }2 p6 YThe simplest and safest way is to drive around the block, but there may be times when this is not possible. In such cases, a U-turn or a three-point turn may be necessary.


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U-turn
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' {% f1 a' p( X. jBefore you make a U-turn, check to make sure there is no sign saying not to.
% S" U0 U8 ?' F0 K' VTo make a U-turn safely, you must be able to see well in both directions. It is illegal to make a U-turn on a curve in the road, on or near a railway crossing or hilltop, or near a bridge or tunnel that blocks your view. Never make a U-turn unless you can see at least 150 metres in both directions.
- Z: s5 Q+ P, U1 ]8 mTo make a U-turn, signal for a right turn, check your mirror and over your shoulder and pull over to the right side of the road. Stop. Signal a left turn and when traffic is clear in both directions, move forward and turn quickly and sharply into the opposite lane. Check for traffic as you turn.



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2 X1 r: o( G' x# A' B9 f; H( gThree-point turn

7 q  i5 N( A& j( H3 E) jOn narrow roads you need to make a three-point turn to change directions. As shown in Diagram 2-36, a three-point turn starts from the far right side of the road. Make sure you do not make a three-point turn on a curve in the road, on or near a railway crossing or hilltop, or near a bridge or tunnel that blocks your view.
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Signal for a left turn. When the way is clear in both directions, move forward, turning the steering wheel sharply left towards the curb on the far side of the road. When you have reached the left side of the road, stop. Shift the vehicle into reverse. Signal a right turn. After checking that the way is still clear, turn the steering wheel sharply to the right, while backing up slowly to the other side of the road. Stop. Shift to forward gear and check traffic. When the way is clear, drive forward.


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Diagram 2-36


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Summary

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By the end of this section you should know:

• How to properly turn left or right at intersections
• The rules surrounding turns onto and from one way streets
• How to navigate a roundabout
• Where to look and how to manoeuvre your vehicle when backing up
• Methods of turning your vehicle around to travel back in the opposite direction (U-turns, 3-point turns)

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    Changing positions


Changing your position on the road involves changing lanes or overtaking and passing another vehicle. Before beginning, be sure you have enough space and time to complete the move safely.
  N& p( M/ k3 I0 hChanging lanes
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& Z3 {4 z8 C: m6 U/ WChanging lanes is a movement from one lane to another on roads with two or more lanes in the same direction. You may have to change lanes to overtake another vehicle, to avoid a parked vehicle or when the vehicle ahead slows to turn at an intersection.
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( b$ \! d1 r( Q3 GNever change lanes without giving the proper signal and looking to make sure the move can be made safely.

* l5 r/ r+ s7 f6 C6 h# B9 L, zHere are the steps for making a lane change:

• Check your mirrors for a space in traffic where you can enter safely.
• Check your blind spot by looking over your shoulder in the direction of the lane change. Signal that you want to move left or right.
• Check again to make sure the way is clear and that no one is coming too fast from behind or from two lanes over on a multi-lane road.
• Steer gradually into the new lane. Do not slow down - maintain the same speed or gently increase it.

Never make sudden lane changes by cutting in front of another vehicle, including bicycles. Other drivers expect you to stay in the lane you are already in. Even if you signal, they expect you to yield the right-of-way.
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Avoid unnecessary lane changes or weaving from lane to lane. You are more likely to cause a collision, especially in heavy traffic or bad weather. Don't change lanes in or near an intersection. Remember that spending a few seconds behind another vehicle is often safer than going around it.
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Diagram 2-37
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+ ^! _8 c5 E' F" d; KPassing

Passing is changing lanes to move past a slower vehicle. While all public roads have speed limits, not all vehicles travel at the same speed. For example, cyclists, road service vehicles and drivers ahead that are preparing to turn are usually slower than the through traffic. You may want to pass some slow-moving vehicles when you are following them.

Never overtake and pass another vehicle unless you are sure you can do so without danger to yourself or others. Don't pass moving snow plows under any conditions. If in doubt, do not pass.
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' r' W! g% `0 }2 QHere are the steps for passing a vehicle:

• Use your left-turn signal to show that you want to pass and check that the way is clear ahead and behind before moving into the passing lane.
• Watch for bicycles and small vehicles that may be hidden from view in front of the vehicle you are about to pass. Also watch for vehicles that may be turning left in front of you and vehicles or pedestrians entering the road from another road or driveway.
• Change lanes only after signalling. After overtaking, signal that you want to move back into the lane you started from, and when you can see the entire front of the vehicle you are passing in your inside mirror, make the lane change. Be careful not to cut off a vehicle by suddenly moving in front of it.
• If the vehicle you are passing speeds up, do not race. Go back to your original lane. And do not speed up when another driver is trying to pass you. It is unlawful and dangerous.

Do not pass within 30 metres of a pedestrian crossing.

When passing parked vehicles, watch carefully for people suddenly opening doors or for doors opened to load and unload.
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Motorcycles, bicycles, limited-speed motorcycles and mopeds often need to pull to the left or right side of their lane to avoid dangerous road conditions or to be seen by other drivers. Do not take this as an invitation to pass in the same lane. If you do want to pass these vehicles, do so by changing lanes.

7 t  D) r' @  {0 I* rWhen another vehicle wants to pass you, you must move to the right and let it pass. When being passed on an undivided road where the passing driver has pulled into the opposite lane, pay attention to oncoming traffic and move closer to the right side of the lane. Be prepared to slow down to let the passing driver get in front of you more quickly to prevent a collision.
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On many high-speed roads with three or more lanes in each direction, trucks are not allowed to drive in the far left-hand lane. This means that the lane next to it is the truck passing lane. If you are in this lane and a truck wants to pass, move into the right-hand lane as soon as you can.
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9 P: ?- e6 ]0 M1 SDiagram 2-38
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Passing at night

Be very careful when you pass other vehicles at night. If you have to pass and the way is clear, follow these steps:

• Switch your headlights to low beams as you approach a vehicle from behind.
• Signal, check your mirrors and blind spot, and pull out to pass. As you move alongside the vehicle you are passing, switch on your highbeams. This will let you see more of the road ahead.
• When you can see all of the front of the vehicle you are passing in your rear view mirror, you are far enough ahead to pull back into the right lane. Remember to signal.

/ `/ ~+ h$ F  |Diagram 2-39


* f% J/ ~" g2 p" e9 i+ @7 S# A9 fPassing and climbing lanes
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8 w+ p3 ?% s; L, kDiagram 2-40


' N8 ?( \9 n: l2 p, ]Some roads have special passing or climbing lanes. These lanes let slower vehicles move into the right-hand lane so that faster ones can pass safely in the left lane.
5 k5 H9 H3 Z; y: m6 \" yAn advance sign tells drivers they will soon have a chance to pass. Another sign warns when the lane is ending so drivers in the right-hand lane can begin to merge safely with traffic in the left-hand lane.
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Passing on the shoulder

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You may drive on the right shoulder only to pass a vehicle turning left and only if the shoulder is paved. You may not pass on the left shoulder, paved or not.
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, x  l. a0 y! SPassing on the right

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Most passing is done on the left. You may pass on the right on multi-lane or one-way roads and when overtaking a streetcar or a left-turning vehicle.
5 i3 b" D( m6 [: IPassing on the right can be more dangerous than passing on the left. If you are driving in the passing lane with a slower vehicle in front of you, wait for the vehicle to move to the right. Do not suddenly change lanes and pass on the right; the driver in front may realize you want to pass and move to the right at the same time you do.

Passing streetcars

6 C. v0 T! M% x3 `Diagram 2-41
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You must pass streetcars on the right unless you are driving on a one-way road.
At streetcar stops, stay at least two metres behind the rear doors where passengers are getting off or on. This rule does not apply at stops where an area has been set aside for streetcar passengers. Always pass these areas at a reasonable speed and be prepared for pedestrians to make sudden or unexpected moves.
Summary
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By the end of this section you should know:

• The safety considerations and the sequence of steps to follow when changing lanes or passing
• How to deal with specific situations when passing (e.g. at night, streetcars)

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5 u! {, M3 e  d

    Parking
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" M7 f% d( m5 JSince parking rules change from road to road and place to place, always watch for and obey signs that say you may not stop or limit stopping, standing or parking. Be aware that not all parking by-laws are posted on signs.
Here are some basic parking rules:

• Never park on the travelled part of a road. Drive off the road onto the shoulder if you must stop for some reason.
• Never park on a curve, hill or anywhere you do not have a clear view for at least 125 metres in both directions.
• Do not park where you will block a vehicle already parked or where you will block a sidewalk, crosswalk, pedestrian crossing or road entrance.
• Do not park within three metres of a fire hydrant, on or within 100 metres of a ridge or within six metres of a public entrance to a hotel, theatre or public hall when it is open to the public.
• Do not park within nine metres of an intersection or within 15 metres if it is controlled by traffic lights.
• Do not park within 15 metres of the nearest rail of a level railway crossing.
• Do not park where you will get in the way of traffic or snow clearing.
• Never open the door of your parked vehicle without first making sure that you will not endanger any other person or vehicle or interfere with traffic. When you must open a door next to traffic, keep it open only long enough to load or unload passengers.

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Diagram 2-42
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& H/ D& d6 H; a& TAfter parking your vehicle, always turn off the ignition and the lights, remove the key and lock the door to deter theft. Do not leave children or animals in the vehicle.
1 B, h- v- [! h1 m7 `) `' KBefore moving from a parked position, always signal and check for traffic, pulling out only when it is safe to do so.
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+ @& o1 ?. H$ Q8 ^Parking for people with disabilities

5 M2 i$ w6 Z" R, R3 yDiagram 2-43

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* |& |$ j$ I7 _4 N4 o% e' @The Accessible Parking Permit, formerly known as the Disabled Person Parking Permit, is a laminated card that may be displayed on the dashboard or turned-down sun visor of any vehicle in which a person with a disability is travelling. The permit entitles the vehicle in which the person named on the permit is travelling to park in designated disabled parking, standing and stopping areas. The permit is issued to the permit holder, not a specific vehicle.
People who have the old version of the permit, the Disabled Person Parking Permit, may continue to use this permit until it expires. Upon its expiry, any new permit issued will be the Accessible Parking Permit.
2 q4 V+ c1 j/ U% wThe Accessible Parking Permit is issued free of charge to qualified individuals. To qualify for an Accessible Parking Permit, a licensed physician, chiropractor, nurse practitioner (extended class), physiotherapist or occupational therapist must certify that the applicant has one or more of the conditions detailed on the Accessible Parking Permit application form.
There are four types of Accessible Parking Permits.

• A regular permit (blue) is issued to people with permanent disabilities and is valid for five years. Until 2011, all individuals will need to be recertified before renewing their permit. After that date, only individuals whose condition is deemed "subject to change" will need to be recertified before renewing their permit.
• A temporary permit (red) is issued when the disability is expected to last more than two months, but is not a permanent disability. The temporary permit is not renewable.
• A traveller permit (purple) is valid for up to one year and is issued upon request to individuals who hold a valid Accessible Parking Permit and plan to fly from any Ontario airport. The permit holder places the traveller permit on the dashboard or sun visor of their vehicle when leaving it parked at the airport. The person's regular permit travels with them.
• A company permit (green) is valid for up to five years and is issued to companies and non-profit organizations that own or lease vehicles used to transport people with physical disabilities.

Misuse or abuse of an Accessible Parking Permit should be reported to the police. Misuse of an Accessible Parking Permit will result in fines and revoked privileges.
! z$ G; K) \5 }  q( ?! b2 `Accessible Parking Permit applications are available on the MTO website at www.mto.gov.on.ca, at any Driver and Vehicle Licence Issuing Office or by sending a request to the ministry at the following address:
  e! z, S3 o; P; P' @- y& fMinistry of Transportation
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2680 Keele Street
Downsview, ON M3M 3E6
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" b7 t+ Z- ?6 A7 ~Never park in a space designated for people with disabilities unless you display an Accessible Parking Permit in the windshield of your vehicle. The permit must belong to you or one of your passengers. This also applies to standing or stopping at curb areas reserved for picking up and dropping off passengers with disabilities.
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Parallel parking
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' E$ w/ a/ J) P0 ~+ e% DParallel parking means parking a vehicle with its wheels parallel and next to the curb or side of the road. Park parallel to the curb on roads where parking is allowed unless there are signs saying that vehicles should be parked at an angle. Park on the right side of the road in the direction of traffic. Unless there are signs saying otherwise, you can parallel park on both sides of a one-way road.
. G4 ?. M) V2 N' W; bDiagram 2-44

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To parallel park on the right-hand side of the road, find a space that is about one and one half times longer than your vehicle. Check the traffic beside and behind and signal your wish to pull over and stop. Drive alongside - or parallel to - the vehicle ahead of the empty space, leaving about a metre between the vehicles. Stop when your rear bumper is in line with the other vehicle. Follow these steps:

• Slowly and carefully reverse into the space, turning the steering wheel fully towards the curb.
• When you can see the outside rear corner of the vehicle in front of your space, straighten your wheels as you continue to reverse.
• Turn the steering wheel fully toward the road to bring your vehicle in line with the curb.
• If your vehicle is not parallel to the curb, drive forward to straighten.
• When you are properly parked, set the parking brake and move the gear selector into park, or shift into first or reverse gear if your vehicle has a manual transmission.
• Turn off the engine. Remember to remove the key from the ignition. Check traffic before opening your door. Lock your vehicle.

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Parking on a hill

6 n! T# W# [$ G! G- g7 OWhen parking facing downhill, turn your front wheels towards the curb or right shoulder. This will keep the vehicle from rolling into traffic if the brakes become disengaged. (Diagram 2-45 A).
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, k4 N: J2 V3 v% A* X2 ETurn the steering wheel to the left so the wheels are turned towards the road if you are facing uphill with a curb. The tires will catch the curb if it rolls backward (Diagram 2-45 B).

When facing uphill without a curb, turn the wheels sharply to the right. If the vehicle rolls, it will go off the road rather than into traffic (Diagram 2-45 C).

% Y; Z7 P9 O' x2 NWhen parking on a hill, always set the parking brake and move the gear selector into park, or shift into first or reverse gear if your vehicle has a manual transmission. Turn off the engine and remove the key. Check for traffic before opening the door and remember to lock your vehicle.
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2 d1 d% V1 U6 S' p" }7 b4 y4 w7 @Diagram 2-45
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Roadside stop
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When you need to stop by the side of the road for a short time - to check something outside your vehicle or to look for directions on a map, for example - follow these directions:

• Before slowing down, check your mirrors and blind spot to see when the way is clear.
• Turn on your signal before slowing down unless there are vehicles waiting to enter the road from sideroads or driveways between you and the point where you intend to stop. Wait until you have passed these entrances so that drivers will not think you are turning before the stopping point.
• Steer to the side of the road, steadily reducing speed, and stop parallel to the curb or edge of the road. You should not be more than about 30 centimetres away from it. Do not stop where you will block an entrance or other traffic.
• Turn off your signal and turn on your hazard lights.

" e" \. H9 \  [) BIf your vehicle has an automatic transmission, put the gear selector in park and set the parking brake. If your vehicle has a manual transmission, set the parking brake and shift into neutral if not turning off the engine, or shift into low or reverse if turning off the engine. When parking on a hill, turn your wheels in the appropriate direction to keep your vehicle from rolling.
Pulling out from a roadside stop


# l# B8 n& S  c: f0 `When pulling out from a roadside stop, do the following:

• Release the parking brake and move the gear selector to drive or shift into first gear.
• Turn off your flashers and turn on your left turn signal.
• Just before pulling away from the stop, check your mirrors and blind spot to make sure the way is clear of vehicles and cyclists.
• Return to normal traffic speed by accelerating smoothly to blend with the traffic around you. In light traffic, accelerate moderately. In heavier traffic, you may have to accelerate more quickly. In a vehicle with manual transmission, shift gears as you increase speed.
• Turn off your left turn signal as soon as you are back on the road.

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Summary


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By the end of this section you should know:

• Basic parking rules that may not appear on posted street signs
• What an Accessible Parking Permit is, and who is eligible to park in spaces designated for people with disabilities
• What parallel parking is and what steps to follow to complete it successfully
• How to safely pull over your vehicle for a roadside stop and re-enter traffic

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& \  q$ J8 q8 t: }2 }7 v    Freeway driving


2 d- T5 @$ c( G+ V1 L- L! CA freeway - also called an expressway - is a high-speed, multi-lane road. On a freeway, traffic going in each direction is separated and ramps let vehicles enter and exit. Vehicle speed is higher on a freeway than on other roads, so driving can be more demanding and difficult. However, because there are no intersections, bicycles or pedestrians, freeway driving can be safer for experienced drivers.
New lanes called High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes are to be used for vehicles carrying a set minimum number of people. You will need to learn how to recognize markings and signs for these lanes, and the rules for using them.
; y. v" o8 X# x, h6 ONew drivers need to learn how to drive with other vehicles around them at low speeds before trying freeway driving. Class G1 drivers may only drive on freeways with a licensed driving instructor.
Entering a freeway
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There are usually two parts to a freeway entrance: an entrance ramp and an acceleration lane.
0 Z5 b1 N  f( M4 U* sAs you move along the freeway entrance ramp, look ahead and check your mirrors and blind spots to assess the traffic to see where you will move into the nearest freeway lane.
As you leave the ramp you enter the acceleration lane. In the acceleration lane, drivers increase their speed to the speed of traffic on the freeway before they merge with it. Signal and increase your speed to merge smoothly with traffic. Freeway drivers should move over, if it is safe to do so, leaving room for merging vehicles.
A few entrance ramps join the freeway on the left. This means you enter the fastest lane of traffic first. Use the acceleration lane to match your speed to the traffic, increasing your speed more quickly.
0 O* ~) q6 O% a" n# YDiagram 2-46

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9 U4 F5 x4 M* }; r$ z: e. @Driving along a freeway



Once on the freeway, a safe driver travels at a steady speed, looking forward and anticipating what's going to happen on the road ahead. Traffic should keep to the right, using the left lanes for passing.
0 ?3 {0 V: G& M. f. D9 I' RAs in city driving, your eyes should be constantly moving, scanning the road ahead, to each side and behind. Look ahead to where you are going to be in the next 15 to 20 seconds, or as far ahead as you can see, when you travel at faster speeds. Remember to keep scanning and check your mirrors frequently.
Stay clear of large vehicles. Because of their size, they block your view more than other vehicles. Leave space around your vehicle. This will let you see clearly in every direction and will give you time and space to react.
Be careful not to cut off any vehicle, large or small, when making a lane change or joining the flow of traffic. It is dangerous and illegal for a slower moving vehicle to cut in front of a faster moving vehicle.
; m! _3 x/ Z$ s$ S# J) c3 S) HUse the far left lane of a multi-lane freeway to pass traffic moving slower than the speed limit, but don't stay there. Drive in the right-hand lane when possible. On many freeways with three or more lanes in each direction, large trucks cannot travel in the far left lane and must use the lane to the right for passing. Get into the habit of driving in the right lane, leaving the other lanes clear for passing.
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Leaving a freeway
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There are usually three parts to a freeway exit: a deceleration lane for slowing down that leads drivers out of the main flow of traffic, an exit ramp and an intersection with a stop sign, yield sign or traffic light.
When leaving the freeway, signal that you want to move into the deceleration lane, but do not slow down. When you are in the lane, reduce your speed gradually to the speed shown for the exit ramp. Check your speedometer to make sure you are going slowly enough. You may not realize how fast you are going because you are used to the high speed of the freeway. Losing your ability to judge your speed accurately is sometimes called speed adaptation or velocitization. It is a special danger when leaving a freeway. Be prepared to stop at the end of the exit ramp.
9 t! q$ D1 c) X/ s7 `1 \1 iSigns telling you that there are freeway exits ahead are far enough in advance for you to make any lane changes safely. If you miss an exit, do not stop or reverse on the freeway. Take the next exit.
Diagram 2-47

High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane
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A High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane is a specially designed lane that is designated for use by certain types of vehicles with a specified number of occupants. It can offer travel time savings to those who choose to carpool or take transit. HOV lanes can move a greater number of people than a general traffic lane, and encourage carpooling and transit use by providing travel time savings and a more reliable trip time. HOV lanes are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

HOV lanes benefit all drivers, not only those who carpool, in the following ways:

• Improves highway infrastructure by moving more people in fewer cars
• Reduces the number of vehicles on the road
• Reduces vehicle emissions and improves air quality
• Helps you conserve fuel, save money (by sharing the cost of driving) and reduce stress.

& ^2 u  T* \/ Q3 hHOV lanes on provincial highways are reserved for vehicles carrying at least two people (i.e. a driver plus at least one passenger in any of the following passenger vehicles: cars, minivans, motorcycles, pickup trucks, taxis, buses and limousines).

• The HOV lane is separated from the other general traffic lanes by a striped buffer zone. It is illegal and unsafe to cross the striped buffer pavement markings.
• Certain vehicles are exempt from the HOV lane rules. Buses can use an HOV lane at any time, regardless of the number of occupants. Emergency vehicles such as police, fire and ambulance are also exempt from the restrictions.
• If you use the HOV lanes improperly, you can be stopped and ticketed by a police officer. You will be required to re-enter the general lanes at the next entry/exit zone.

8 I2 h# M, j# Z. M7 V  i( eSummary

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; R/ r6 Q1 f  R9 DBy the end of this section you should know:

• What a freeway is and which road users can and cannot use them
• Safe practices to follow when entering, driving along or exiting a freeway
• What HOV lanes are and who can use them

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    Dealing with particular situations

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• Sanctions - Dangerous Behaviours
• Novice Driver Escalating Sanctions
• Aggressive driving and road rage
• Street racing
• Drowsy driving
• Workers on the road
• Animals on the road
• Cellular phones
• Driver distractions
• Emergency vehicles
• Reacting to an approaching emergency vehicle
• Approaching a stopped emergency vehicle with red or red AND blue flashing lights

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Sanctions - Dangerous Behaviours

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Our government is committed to protecting Ontarians from individuals who choose to engage in street racing, driving contests or driving stunts. Changes to the law went into effect on September 30, 2007. Drivers who are involved in street racing or aggressive driving behaviours can face tough sanctions:

• An immediate seven-day licence suspension and seven-day vehicle impoundment at roadside when a police officer has reasonable and probable grounds to believe the offence was committed.

. K$ W1 u+ }+ q2 W2 Q1 OIf convicted:

• Fines from $2,000 to $10,000;
• Courts can impose a driver licence suspension of up to 10 years for a second conviction within 10 years;
• The accumulation of six demerit points, a maximum licence suspension of two years for a first conviction and a maximum 6 months in jail.

The use of a connected nitrous oxide system while driving on a highway is prohibited and the definition of a "stunt" includes speeding at 50 km/h or more above the posted limit.
The risk of a fatality or serious injury is almost five times greater for vehicles crashing at 50 km/h or more above the posted limit on a highway with a posted limit of 100 km/h. The increase in risk is even greater on roads with lower posted limits. For example, on roads with a posted limit of 60 km/h or less, the risk of a fatality or serious injury is almost eight times greater for vehicles colliding at 50 km/h or more above the posted limit.
Other dangerous behaviours are also now defined as stunts: driving in such a way that prevents another vehicle from passing, intentionally cutting off another vehicle, or intentionally driving too close to another vehicle, pedestrian or fixed object.
+ ^3 a% e( p7 m( SFor information on the regulation, you can visit the following website http://www.search.elaws.gov.on.ca/en and search under current consolidated law for Highway Traffic Act - O. Reg. 339/94
! W5 g' I1 _1 H! s( S& n) @Novice Driver Escalating Sanctions


Escalating sanctions for novice drivers would apply if any of the following occurrences have taken place within a 5-year period:

• Any combination of repeat violations of G1/G2/M1/M2 restrictions;
• Convictions for individual HTA offences carrying four or more demerit points; or,
• Court ordered licence suspensions for HTA convictions that would have otherwise resulted in four or more demerit points.

Escalating sanctions for hybrid drivers would apply if there is any combination of repeat violations of their novice licence (G1/G2/ M1/M2) conditions within a 5-year period.
The penalties under escalating sanctions for novice and hybrid drivers are:

• 30-day licence suspension for the first occurrence;
• 90-day licence suspension for the second occurrence; and
• Licence cancellation and a requirement to re-apply for a G1/M1 after the third occurrence. Any fees paid, credit received for time spent in the program or BDE credit would be forfeited when the licence is cancelled. Please note that in the case of a hybrid driver, only the novice class licence is cancelled on the third occasion, their full class licence is maintained.

A reinstatement fee is also imposed on first and second occurrence drivers.
& M# z+ ^$ D% z' @) GForfeited Fees:
0 @+ Y& v5 J  J5 }+ LIf you prepaid any examination fees and are convicted for a third occurrence under escalating sanctions all your pre-paid fees will be lost. You will be required to pay all fees once you re-enter into the GLS program.
3 x5 N& |% C; V4 O4 @5 ~: aNote: If you are a novice driver and are convicted of violating any novice condition, an offence that is associated with 4 or more demerit points or receive a court-ordered suspension for an offence that would have resulted in 4 or more demerit points, you will receive the appropriate penalty and novice driver escalating sanction licence suspension. However, the demerit points will be recorded as zero on your record, and will not be counted towards the accumulated demerit point system.
Aggressive driving and road rage

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Aggressive driving behaviours, such as tailgating, speeding, failing to yield the right of way and cutting in front of someone too closely, may cause other drivers to become frustrated and angry and lead to a road rage conflict between drivers. An angry driver may attempt dangerous retaliatory action. Avoid becoming angry on the road by following these tips:

• Know the warning signs of stress and combat them by getting fresh air, breathing deeply and slowly, and listening to relaxing music.
• Make a conscious decision not to take your problems with you when driving.
• If you are on a long trip, take a break from driving every few hours.
• Don't compete with another driver, or retaliate for what you believe to be inconsiderate behaviour.
• If someone else's driving annoys you, don't try to "educate" the person. Leave traffic enforcement to the police.
• Don't take other drivers' mistakes or behaviours personally.
• Avoid honking your horn at other drivers, unless absolutely necessary. A light tap on the horn is usually sufficient.

Remember that if you drive responsibly and courteously, you are less likely to spark a road rage situation.

• Plan your route in advance. Some of the most erratic and inconsiderate driving occurs when a driver is lost.
• Drive in a courteous and considerate manner.
• Yield the right-of-way when it is courteous to do so.
• Be polite and let other drivers in front of you when they are signalling that they would like to do so.
• If you make a mistake while driving, indicate that you are sorry. An apology can greatly reduce the risk of conflict.
• Don't return aggression. Avoid eye contact and do not gesture back. Keep away from erratic drivers.

3 Y6 _+ u9 B. j$ t4 @If you are in a situation in which you feel threatened by another driver, do the following:

• Stay in your vehicle and lock the doors.
• If you have a cell phone, call police.
• Use your horn and signals to attract attention.
• If you believe you are being followed, do not drive home. Drive to a police station or a busy public place.

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Street racing

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Street racing is one of the most serious and reckless forms of aggressive driving. It shows a callous disregard for other drivers and road users, and it puts everyone on the road at serious risk of injury or death. Street racers run the risk of being charged under the Criminal Code of Canada.
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: D+ z. \' F8 l# p' E" J# i$ [! QDrowsy driving
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  O* q1 d5 O: ~' y0 fDrowsiness has been identified as a causal factor in a growing number of collisions resulting in injury and fatality. Tired drivers can be as impaired as drunk drivers. They have a slower reaction time and are less alert.
Studies have shown that collisions involving drowsiness tend to occur during late night/early morning hours (between 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m.) or late afternoon (between 2:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m.). Studies also indicate that shift workers, people with undiagnosed or untreated sleep disorders, and commercial vehicle operators, are at greater risk for such collisions.
) `$ |2 ^' R& V6 R/ M, K0 ~8 Y2 FAlways avoid driving when you are feeling drowsy. Scientific research confirms that you can fall asleep without actually being aware of it. Here are eight important warning signs that your drowsiness is serious enough to place you at risk:

• You have difficulty keeping your eyes open.
• Your head keeps tilting forward despite your efforts to keep your eyes on the road.
• Your mind keeps wandering and you can't seem to concentrate.
• You yawn frequently.
• You can't remember details about the last few kilometres you have travelled.
• You are missing traffic lights and signals.
• Your vehicle drifts into the next lane and you have to jerk it back into your lane.
• You have drifted off the road and narrowly avoided a crash.

3 a5 z) G7 a# [0 ?) p2 _1 qIf you have one of these symptoms, you may be in danger of falling asleep. Pull off the road and park your vehicle in a safe, secure place. Use well-lit rest stops or truck stops on busy roads. Lock your doors, roll up your windows and take a nap.
Stimulants are never a substitute for sleep. Drinks containing caffeine can help you feel more alert, but if you are sleep deprived, the effects wear off quickly. The same is true of turning up the volume of your radio or CD player and opening the window. You cannot trick your body into staying awake; you need to sleep. Remember, the only safe driver is a well-rested, alert driver.
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- Q" v2 R  u9 r7 J' G6 T  K6 dWorkers on the road
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Be extra careful when driving through construction zones and areas where people are working on or near the road.
7 X3 n# R% x% n. g$ u6 s+ M4 l% wWhen approaching a construction zone, slow down and obey all warning signs and people and/or devices that are directing traffic through the area. Municipalities can lower the speed limits in construction zones to increase safety for workers. Reduced speed limits come into effect once signs are posted in the area. In the construction zone, drive carefully and adjust your speed and driving to suit the conditions. Obey posted speed limits, do not change lanes, be ready for sudden stops and watch for workers and construction vehicles on the road and give them more room to ensure everyone's safety.
Traffic control workers control vehicle traffic in work zones and prevent conflicts between construction activity and traffic. Whether you are driving during the day or at night, watch for traffic control people and follow their instructions.
: E, ^8 K- O  ^1 R+ D/ |6 QTreat people working on roads with respect and be patient if traffic is delayed. Sometimes traffic in one direction must wait while vehicles from the other direction pass through a detour. If your lane is blocked and no one is directing traffic, yield to the driver coming from the opposite direction. When the way is clear, move slowly and carefully around the obstacle.
% v( a2 D" o- N3 `9 H) j3 `Recent changes to the Highway Traffic Act have resulted in doubled fines for speeding in a construction zone when workers are present. It is also an offence to disobey STOP or SLOW signs displayed by a traffic control person or firefighter.

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4 D' ]) A& z0 y% ]Animals on the road
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2 L% H$ E: G, O! R9 J" J. H2 X( UCrashes involving animals (mainly moose and deer) are a growing problem. Motor vehicle/wild animal collisions increased from 7,839 in 1997 to 14,489 collisions in 2006. This represents an increase of 85 per cent over a 10-year period. Many of these collisions go unreported.
6 C8 |: \2 B" g3 Z. L6 {& x) C: p! A- pYou may encounter domestic, farm or wild animals on the road anywhere in Ontario. Scan the road ahead from shoulder to shoulder. If you see an animal on or near the road, slow down and pass carefully as they may suddenly bolt onto the road. Many areas of the province have animal crossing signs which warn drivers of the danger of large animals (such as moose, deer or cattle) crossing the road. Be cautious when you see these signs, especially during dusk to dawn hours when wild animals are most active.
2 H) C4 F+ C" [" s) FTo reduce your chances of hitting an animal:

• Reduce speed in darkness, rain and fog. These conditions can reduce your ability to see an animal on or near the road.
• Travel at a safe speed and stay alert. Driver inattention and speed are common factors in animal-vehicle crashes.
• Watch for shining eyes at the roadside. If you do see shining eyes, slow down and be ready to stop.
• Keep your windshield clean and headlights properly adjusted.
• Use high beams whenever possible and safe to do so and scan both sides of the road ahead.

- v% v2 E5 G/ H: l) fIf you see an animal:

• Slow down and sound your horn.
• Be alert for other animals which may be with the one you've seen.
• Don't try to drive around the animal. Animal movements are unpredictable.
• If you wish to watch an animal, find a safe place to pull completely off the road and park first. Do not park on the shoulder of the road, as other drivers may be distracted by the animal and hit your vehicle.
• Stay in your vehicle; getting out increases your chance of being hit by another vehicle.
• If you hit a deer or moose, report it to the local police service or the Ministry of Natural Resources. Do not try to move an injured animal.

Cellular phones


) T- e. o; ^, o  R, a' ^Cellular phones can be an important safety aid for drivers. But using a cellular phone while driving takes a driver's attention away from the task of driving. Distracted drivers are more likely to make mistakes or react too slowly. That's why the rules for using hand-held electronic devices (e.g. cell phones, smart phones, GPS units) have changed. Drivers who talk, text, type, dial or email using hand-held cell phones and other hand-held communications and entertainment devices face fines of up to $500. Police can also charge drivers with careless driving or even dangerous driving (a criminal offence) if they do not pay full attention to the driving task.
Make it a habit to use your cell phone only when you are parked. If you are driving and your phone rings, let your cellular voice mail take the call and listen to the message later. If you must use a cell phone when driving, you must use it hands-free.
) a0 V0 s* L" @6 x+ E8 gDriver distractions


Driving is a job that requires your full attention every time you get behind the wheel. Any secondary activity will detract from your ability to drive properly and safely. You must reduce distractions and focus on your driving.
8 S0 s9 x+ {+ e$ VThere are a number of possible driver distractions including:

• Using devices such as GPS systems, stereos, CD and DVD players, radios, cell phones, laptops, PDA's and MP3 players
• Reading maps, directions or other material
• Grooming (combing hair, putting on make-up or shaving)
• Eating or drinking
• Taking notes
• Talking with passengers
• Tending to children or pets
• Adjusting the controls in your vehicle (radio, CD player or climate control)
• Visual distractions outside your vehicle, such as collisions or police activity

Careless driving is a serious offence. Police can charge drivers with careless driving if drivers do not pay full attention to their driving. If you are convicted of careless driving, you will get six demerit points and can be fined up to $1,000 and sentenced to up to six months in jail. In some cases, your licence may be suspended for up to two years.Tips to reduce driver distractions
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• Attend to personal grooming and plan your route before you leave.
• Identify and preset your vehicle's climate control, radio and CD player.
• Make it a habit to pull over and park to use your cell phone or have a passenger take the call or let it go to voice mail.
• Put reading material in the trunk if you are tempted to read.
• Do not engage in emotional or complex conversations. Stress can affect your driving performance.
• When you are hungry or thirsty, take a break from driving.

Remember to focus on your driving at all times. A split-second distraction behind the wheel can result in injury or even death.


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4 I; n7 _; y* B4 p2 gEmergency vehicles


. R( O; S; K# w$ t/ j5 n& FEmergency vehicles include fire and police department vehicles, ambulances and public utility emergency vehicles.

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2 t$ v! Z9 U! {  ?Reacting to an approaching emergency vehicle

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* v, G$ \) |( c' D7 CWhen you see red or red AND blue flashing lights or hear the bells or sirens of an emergency vehicle approaching from either direction, you must immediately slow down, move as far to the right side of the roadway as you safely can, and stop.
9 r5 ]) u; D% `Stay alert. When you see an approaching emergency vehicle with its lights or siren on, prepare to clear the way.

• React quickly but calmly. Don't slam on the brakes or pull over suddenly. Use your signals to alert other drivers you intend to pull over.
• Check your rear-view mirrors. Look in front and on both sides of your vehicle. Allow other vehicles to also pull over. Pull to the right and gradually come to a stop.
• Wait for the emergency vehicle to pass and watch for other emergency vehicles that may be responding to the same call. Check to make sure the way is clear and signal before merging back into traffic.
• Don't drive on or block the shoulder on freeways. Emergency vehicles will use the shoulder of the road if all lanes are blocked.

( u$ W5 ], Z4 i: E* YNever follow or try to outrun an emergency vehicle. It is illegal to follow within 150 meters of a fire vehicle or ambulance responding to a call in any lane going in the same direction.
Failing to pull over and stop for an approaching emergency vehicle can result in a conviction and a fine.
8 s* P9 P) ]3 P9 j/ \Note: Some fire fighters and volunteer medical responders may display a flashing green light when using their own vehicles to respond to a fire or medical emergency. Please yield the right-of-way to help them reach the emergency quickly and safely.
Take lights and sirens seriously. Clear the way! Pull to the right and stop. It's the law.

( h; L2 |1 Z* _Diagram 2-48
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Approaching a stopped emergency vehicle with red or red AND blue flashing lights
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When you see an emergency vehicle stopped with its red or red AND blue flashing lights in a lane or on the shoulder in your direction of travel, you must slow down and pass with caution. If the road has two or more lanes, you must move over into another lane to allow one lane clearance between your vehicle and the emergency vehicle, if it can be done safely. Failing to follow these rules can result in a conviction, demerit points on your driving record, a driver's licence suspension of up to two years and a fine of $400 to $2,000 for a first offence and $1,000 to $4,000 for a subsequent offence (a subsequent offence is when you are convicted again within five years). The court can order you to spend up to six months in jail, or you may have to pay a fine or both.
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Summary
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  q* `  J+ _5 ~& _3 r+ f$ m$ {By the end of this section you should know:

• How to manoeuvre your vehicle through construction zones
• What to do if you encounter animals on the road
• Things that may distract you when driving and how to minimize those distractions
• What to do when you encounter an emergency vehicle

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# s9 ^6 |7 d* I# N$ _: E. U7 P2 V    Driving at night and in bad weather
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At night and in weather conditions such as rain, snow or fog, you cannot see as far ahead, even with headlights. Slow down when driving at night, especially on unlit roads, and whenever weather conditions reduce your visibility.
3 J/ [. Y5 Z6 j7 W4 ?5 ? Overdriving your headlights

You are overdriving your headlights when you go so fast that your stopping distance is farther than you can see with your headlights. This is a dangerous thing to do, because you may not give yourself enough room to make a safe stop. Reflective road signs can mislead you as well, making you believe you can see farther than you really can. This may cause you to overdrive your headlights if you are not careful (see Diagram 2-49).
Diagram 2-49

. ~6 |: ]5 z- ?4 SGlare

- Y$ l( Z/ j) h" A& j3 GGlare is dazzling light that makes it hard for you to see and be aware what others around you are doing. It can be a problem on both sunny and overcast days, depending on the angle of the sun's rays and your surroundings. Glare can also be a problem at night when you face bright headlights or see them reflected in your rear view mirror.

! ^) t: l! f8 l, X' s, ]. @When meeting oncoming vehicles with bright headlights at night, look up and beyond and slightly to the right of the oncoming lights. In daytime glare, use your sun visor or keep a pair of good quality sunglasses in your vehicle. When you enter a tunnel on a bright day, slow down to let your eyes adjust to the reduced light. Remove your sunglasses and turn on your headlights.

( x" b5 V! p  dCut down glare at night by following the rules of the road for vehicle lights. Use your lowbeam headlights within 150 metres of an oncoming vehicle or when following a vehicle within 60 metres. On country roads, switch to lowbeams when you come to a curve or hilltop so you can see oncoming headlights and won't blind oncoming drivers. If you can't see any headlights, switch back to highbeams.


Diagram 2-50

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Fog

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Fog is a thin layer of cloud resting on the ground. Fog can reduce visibility for drivers, resulting in difficult driving conditions.

The best thing to do is to avoid driving in fog. Check weather forecasts and if there is a fog warning, delay your trip until it clears. If that is not possible or you get caught driving in fog, there are a number of safe driving tips you should follow. If visibility is decreasing rapidly, move off the road and into a safe parking area to wait for the fog to lift.

Tips for driving safely in fogBefore you drive - and during your trip - check weather forecasts. If there is a fog warning, delay your trip until it clears, if possible. If you are caught driving in fog, follow these safe driving tips:
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DO:

• Slow down gradually and drive at a speed that suits the conditions.
• Make sure the full lighting system of your vehicle is turned on.
• Use your lowbeam headlights. Highbeams reflect off the moisture droplets in the fog, making it harder to see.
• If you have fog lights on your vehicle, use them, in addition to your lowbeams. They could save your life.
• Be patient. Avoid passing, changing lanes and crossing traffic.
• Use pavement markings to help guide you. Use the right edge of the road as a guide, rather than the centre line.
• Increase your following distance. You will need extra distance to brake safely.
• Look and listen for any hazards that may be ahead.
• Reduce the distractions in your vehicle. For example, turn off the cell phone. Your full attention is required.
• Watch for any electronically-operated warning signs.
• Keep looking as far ahead as possible.
• Keep your windows and mirrors clean. Use your defroster and wipers to maximize your vision.
• If the fog is too dense to continue, pull completely off the road and try to position your vehicle in a safe parking area. Turn on your emergency flashers.

DON'T:

• Don't stop on the travelled portion of the road. You could become the first link in a chain-reaction collision.
• Don't speed up suddenly, even if the fog seems to be clearing. You could find yourself suddenly back in fog.
• Don't speed up to pass a vehicle moving slowly or to get away from a vehicle that is following too closely.

6 |$ u% u% H1 x5 ?REMEMBER:

• Watch your speed. You may be going faster than you think. If so, reduce speed gradually.
• Leave a safe braking distance between you and the vehicle ahead.
• Remain calm and patient. Don't pass other vehicles or speed up suddenly.
• Don't stop on the road. If visibility is decreasing rapidly, pull off the road into a safe parking area and wait for the fog to lift.
• When visibility is reduced, use your lowbeam lights.

Rain
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Rain makes road surfaces slippery, especially as the first drops fall. With more rain, tires make less contact with the road. If there is too much water or if you are going too fast, your tires may ride on top of the water, like water skis. This is called hydroplaning. When this happens, control becomes very difficult. Make sure you have good tires with deep tread, and slow down when the road is wet.
- G3 R2 s$ \, f' v" S! _Rain also reduces visibility. Drive slowly enough to be able to stop within the distance you can see. Make sure your windshield wipers are in good condition. If your wiper blades do not clean the windshield without streaking, replace them.
/ I$ s+ ^9 B4 _In rain, try to drive on clear sections of road. Look ahead and plan your movements. Smooth steering, braking and accelerating will reduce the chance of skids. Leave more space between you and the vehicle ahead in case you have to stop. This will also help you to avoid spray from the vehicle ahead that can make it even harder to see.
Stay out of puddles. A puddle can hide a large pothole that could damage your vehicle or its suspension, or flatten a tire. The spray of water could splash nearby pedestrians or drown your engine, causing it to stall. Water can also make your brakes less effective.



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Flooded roads


Try not to drive on flooded roads - water may prevent your brakes from working. If you must drive through a flooded stretch of road, test your brakes afterwards to dry them out. Test your brakes when it is safe to do so by stopping quickly and firmly at 50 km/h. Make sure the vehicle stops in a straight line, without pulling to one side. The brake pedal should feel firm and secure, not spongy - that's a sign of trouble. If you still feel a pulling to one side or a spongy brake pedal even after the brakes are dry, you should take the vehicle in for repair immediately.



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7 Q) K# N' B. V2 H9 hSkids

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A skid happens when your wheels slide out of control on a slippery surface. Skids can involve the front, rear or all four wheels. Most skids result from driving too fast for road or traffic conditions. Sudden, hard braking, going too fast around a corner or accelerating too quickly can cause your vehicle to skid or roll over.
2 j' V2 M( R/ ^1 G, t8 m2 ~( B8 VOnce in a skid, look where you want the vehicle to go and steer in that direction. Be careful not to oversteer. If you are on ice, skidding in a straight line, step on the clutch or shift to neutral.
Threshold braking - Threshold braking should bring you to a reasonably quick controlled stop in your own lane, even in slippery conditions. Brake as hard as you can without locking up or skidding the wheels. Press down on the brake pedal, trying to get as much braking power as possible. Then, if you feel any of the wheels locking up, release the brake pressure slightly and re-apply. Don't pump the brakes. Continue braking this way until you have brought the vehicle to a complete stop. Some vehicles have anti-lock brake systems that give you a maximum threshold stop automatically.
Anti-lock brakes - If your vehicle has an anti-lock braking system, practice emergency braking to understand how your vehicle will react. It is a good idea to practice doing this under controlled conditions with a qualified driving instructor.
8 Z4 p3 O  F. g  `7 G& K8 O8 t6 }Anti-lock braking systems, which are also called ABS, are designed to sense the speed of the wheels on a vehicle. An abnormal drop in wheel speed, which indicates potential wheel lock, causes the brake force to be reduced to that wheel. This is how the anti-lock braking system prevents tire skid and the accompanying loss of steering control. This improves vehicle safety during heavy brake use or when braking with poor traction.
Although anti-lock braking systems help to prevent wheel lock, you should not expect the stopping distance for your vehicle to be shortened. Under normal driving conditions, on clean dry roads, you will notice no difference between vehicles with anti-lock braking and vehicles without anti-lock braking.
Drivers unfamiliar with anti-lock braking are surprised by the vibration that happens when they brake hard in an emergency. Make sure you know what to expect so you can react quickly and effectively in an emergency.
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Snow
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3 H6 ~1 w  y2 v9 S9 s" r6 n' zSnow may be hard-packed and slippery as ice; rutted, full of hard tracks and gullies; or, smooth and soft. Look ahead and anticipate what you must do based on the conditions. Slow down on rutted, snowy roads. Avoid sudden steering, braking or accelerating that could cause a skid.

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Whiteouts


0 s" _! S" [4 D/ ]2 _Blowing snow may create whiteouts where snow completely blocks your view of the road. When blowing snow is forecast, drive only if necessary and with extreme caution.Tips for driving in blowing snow and whiteout conditions
Before you drive - and during your trip - check weather forecasts and road reports. If there is a weather warning, or reports of poor visibility and driving conditions, delay your trip until conditions improve, if possible. If you get caught driving in blowing snow or a whiteout, follow these safe driving tips:
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• Slow down gradually and drive at a speed that suits the conditions.
• Make sure the full lighting system of your vehicle is turned on.
• Be patient. Avoid passing, changing lanes and crossing traffic.
• Increase your following distance. You will need extra space to brake safely.
• Stay alert. Keep looking as far ahead as possible.
• Reduce the distractions in your vehicle. Your full attention is required.
• Keep your windows and mirrors clean. Use defroster and wipers to maximize your vision.
• Try to get off the road when visibility is near zero. Pull into a safe parking area if possible.

DON'T:

• Don't stop on the travelled portion of the road. You could become the first link in a chain-reaction collision.
• Don't attempt to pass a vehicle moving slowly or speed up to get away from a vehicle that is following too closely.

REMEMBER:

• Watch your speed. You may be going faster than you think. If so, reduce speed gradually.
• Leave a safe braking distance between you and the vehicle ahead.
• Stay alert, remain calm and be patient.
• If visibility is decreasing rapidly, do not stop on the road. Look for an opportunity to pull off the road into a safe parking area and wait for conditions to improve.
• If you become stuck or stranded in severe weather, stay with your vehicle for warmth and safety until help arrives. Open a window slightly for ventilation. Run your motor sparingly. Use your emergency flashers.
• Be prepared and carry a winter driving survival kit that includes items such as warm clothing, non-perishable energy foods, flashlight, shovel and blanket.
• It is important to look ahead and watch for clues that indicate you need to slow down and anticipate slippery road conditions.

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6 C2 U, G% g( Z3 j& kIce
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% C& I' I% n: H1 B: K- Q$ F/ DAs temperatures drop below freezing, wet roads become icy. Sections of road in shaded areas or on bridges and overpasses freeze first. It is important to look ahead, slow down and anticipate ice. If the road ahead looks like black and shiny asphalt, be suspicious. It may be covered by a thin layer of ice known as black ice. Generally, asphalt in the winter should look gray-white in colour. If you think there may be black ice ahead, slow down and be careful.
8 y5 K. K$ ~: }$ p% [Snow plows


6 D& j% C7 ~  e  ~9 n' D: _) {% eSnow removal vehicles are equipped with flashing blue lights that can be seen from 150 metres.
Flashing blue lights warn you of wide and slow-moving vehicles: some snow plows have a wing that extends as far as three metres to the right of the vehicle. On freeways, several snow plows may be staggered across the road, clearing all lanes at the same time by passing a ridge of snow from plow to plow. Do not try to pass between them. This is extremely dangerous because there is not enough room to pass safely, and the ridge of wet snow can throw your vehicle out of control.
Summary

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By the end of this section you should know:

• How to identify and manage situations where your visibility may be reduced
• How weather conditions such as rain, flooded roads, snow and ice may affect your vehicle and your ability to control it
• What to do if your vehicle skids or if you encounter heavy snow, whiteouts or black ice
• How to recognize and share the road with snow removal vehicles

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回复 13# 荣格


    Dealing with emergencies


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- C  [5 Z* N7 I2 l2 q" b" p; W1 OIf you drive often or travel alone, you need to be ready to deal with emergencies. Here are some suggestions for coping with some common road emergencies.
* D  n& K5 D/ o+ b2 O8 ~If your brakes fail


Try pumping the brake pedal to temporarily restore hydraulic brake pressure. If this does not work, apply the parking brake gently but firmly while holding the release button. It is a good idea for new drivers to practice a parking brake emergency stop under controlled conditions with a qualified driving instructor. Total brake failure is very rare on modern vehicles. If your brakes do fail and you manage to stop, do not drive away. Call for help.

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First try to lift the pedal by slipping your foot under it. Do not reach down with your hands while the vehicle is moving. If this does not work, turn on your hazard lights, shift to neutral and stop as soon as you safely can, preferably off the road. Turn off the ignition and do not drive away. Call for help.
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If your headlights go out


; P. m# h: \- |) o- fCheck the switch immediately. If the lights stay out, turn on your hazard lights and bring your vehicle to a safe stop, off the road. Call for help. It is dangerous and illegal to drive at night without lights.
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- M" b  O4 n9 K% X4 y8 U6 AIf you have trouble on a freeway
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At the first sign of trouble, begin to pull over. Do not wait for your vehicle to stall on the freeway. Check your mirrors, put on your hazard lights, take your foot off the gas pedal and pull over to the nearest shoulder as quickly as possible. Never stop in the driving lanes.
Be careful getting out of your vehicle. If possible, leave through the door away from traffic. If you need help, get back in the vehicle and put a "Call Police" sign in the side or back window. If you do not have a "Call Police" sign, tie a white cloth around the antenna. Do not raise the hood.
While you wait for help, stay in your vehicle with the doors locked. If someone stops to help, ask them to call the police or automobile club for you. If you have a cellular phone, call for help yourself.
2 \" T6 X9 M% }; iThe Queen Elizabeth Way, the 400-series freeways and many other high-speed roads are patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police. Stay with your vehicle and help will arrive shortly.
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If your wheels go off the pavement


Don't panic. Grip the steering wheel firmly. Take your foot off the gas pedal to slow down. Avoid heavy braking. When the vehicle is under control, steer toward the pavement. Be prepared to correct your steering and increase speed when your wheels are fully back on the pavement.

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If a tire blows out
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Blowouts can cause tremendous steering and wheel vibration, but don't be alarmed. Take your foot off the gas pedal to slow down and steer the vehicle firmly in the direction you want to go. Bring the vehicle to a stop off the road.
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% Q* q& W  z$ `& S1 S. c, cIn a collision where someone is injured
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St. John Ambulance recommends that all drivers carry a well-stocked first aid kit and know how to use it. Consider reading a book about first aid or sign up for a first aid course. It could mean the difference between life and death in a collision.
Every driver involved in a collision must stay at the scene or return to it immediately and give all possible assistance. If you are not personally involved in a collision, you should stop to offer help if police or other help has not arrived.
In a collision with injuries, possible fuel leaks or serious vehicle damage, stay calm and follow these steps:

• Call for help or have someone else call. By law, you must report any collision to the police when there are injuries or damage to vehicles or other property exceeding $1,000.
• Turn off all engines and turn on emergency flashers. Set up warning signals or flares or have someone warn approaching drivers.
• Do not let anyone smoke, light a match or put flares near any vehicle in case of a fuel leak. If a vehicle is on fire, get the people out and make sure everyone is well out of the way. If there is no danger of fire or explosion, leave injured people where they are until trained medical help arrives.
• If you are trained in first aid, treat injuries in the order of urgency, within the level of your training. For example, clear the person's airway to restore breathing, give rescue breathing or stop bleeding by applying pressure with a clean cloth.
• If you are not trained in first aid, use common sense. For example, people in collisions often go into shock. Cover the person with a jacket or blanket to reduce the effects of shock.
• Stay with injured people until help arrives.
• Disabled vehicles on the road may be a danger to you and other drivers. Do what you can to make sure everyone involved in a collision is kept safe.

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; K0 f+ H8 O8 P& Y( M" BIn a collision where no one is injured
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Follow these steps in a collision where there are no injuries:

• If the vehicles are driveable, move them as far off the road as possible - this should not affect the police officer's investigation. This is especially important on busy or high-speed roads where it may be dangerous to leave vehicles in the driving lanes. If you cannot move the vehicles off the road, set up warning signals or flares far enough away to give other traffic time to slow down or stop.
• Call police (provincial or local, depending on where the collision takes place). By law, you must report any collision to the police when there are injuries or damage to vehicles or property exceeding $1,000.
• Give all possible help to police or anyone whose vehicle has been damaged. This includes giving police your name and address, the name and address of the registered owner of the vehicle, the vehicle plate and permit number and the liability insurance card.
• Get the names, addresses and phone numbers of all witnesses.
• If damage is less than $1,000, you are still required by law to exchange information with anyone whose vehicle has been damaged. However, the collision does not have to be reported to the police.
• Contact your insurance company as soon as possible if you intend to make a claim.

Summary


By the end of this section you should know:

• What to do in emergency situations such as vehicle component failure, driving off the pavement or vehicle trouble on a freeway
• The steps to take if you are involved in a collision with or without injuries

Kevinlu

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